When adverse effects are seen as desirable: Abuse potential of the newer generation antiepileptic drugs

Hawkins, Kelsey L.; Gidal, Barry E.

doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.10.007

Cited by 10 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…Beyond opioids, new drugs of abuse are being documented (eg, tianeptine, kratom) [39,40], while problematic drugs of the past are resurging (eg, methamphetamine, cocaine) [41]. Noncontrolled (nonscheduled) prescription drugs with abuse potential such as antidepressants [42], anticonvulsants [43], and novel psychoactive substances are not currently tracked on national probability surveys but could easily be added to online questionnaires. Emerging novel routes of administration (eg, intra-arterial injection), fluctuations in infectious disease risk factors, and uptake of harm reduction strategies could be queried in-depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Online Survey for Pharmacoepidemiological Investigation (Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program): Validation Study

Black¹,

Rockhill²,

Forber³

et al. 2019

J Med Internet Res

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BackgroundIn rapidly changing fields such as the study of drug use, the need for accurate and timely data is paramount to properly inform policy and intervention decisions. Trends in drug use can change rapidly by month, and using study designs with flexible modules could present advantages. Timely data from online panels can inform proactive interventions against emerging trends, leading to a faster public response. However, threats to validity from using online panels must be addressed to create accurate estimates.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to demonstrate a comprehensive methodological approach that optimizes a nonprobability, online opt-in sample to provide timely, accurate national estimates on prevalence of drug use.MethodsThe Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program from the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction Related Surveillance (RADARS) System is an online, cross-sectional survey on drug use in the United States, and several best practices were implemented. To optimize final estimates, two best practices were investigated in detail: exclusion of respondents showing careless or improbable responding patterns and calibration of weights. The approach in this work was to cumulatively implement each method, which improved key estimates during the third quarter 2018 survey launch. Cutoffs for five exclusion criteria were tested. Using a series of benchmarks, average relative bias and changes in bias were calculated for 33 different weighting variable combinations.ResultsThere were 148,274 invitations sent to panelists, with 40,021 who initiated the survey (26.99%). After eligibility assessment, 20.23% (29,998/148,274) of the completed questionnaires were available for analysis. A total of 0.52% (157/29,998) of respondents were excluded based on careless or improbable responses; however, these exclusions had larger impacts on lower volume drugs. Number of exclusions applied were negatively correlated to total dispensing volume by drug (Spearman ρ=–.88, P<.001). A weighting scheme including three demographic and two health characteristics reduced average relative bias by 31.2%. After weighting, estimates of drug use decreased, reflecting a weighted sample that had healthier benchmarks than the unweighted sample.ConclusionsOur study illustrates a new approach to using nonprobability online panels to achieve national prevalence estimates for drug abuse. We were able to overcome challenges with using nonprobability internet samples, including misclassification due to improbable responses. Final drug use and health estimates demonstrated concurrent validity to national probability-based drug use and health surveys. Inclusion of multiple best practices cumulatively improved the estimates generated. This method can bridge the information gap when there is a need for prompt, accurate national data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Online Survey for Pharmacoepidemiological Investigation (Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program): Validation Study

Black¹,

Rockhill²,

Forber³

et al. 2019

J Med Internet Res

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New and Emerging Antiepileptic Drugs

Witkin

Golani

Smith

2021

Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

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This article provides the biologist, chemist, and clinician with an overview into currently existing epilepsy medicines, an appreciation of those currently in development, and a glimpse at future possibilities. The discovery and development of antiepileptic drugs with improved efficacy and side‐effect dimensions are urgently needed. We discuss various strategies for discovering new antiepileptic drugs. We then provide summary data on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and tolerability of some of the newer third‐generation antiepileptic drugs – eslicarbazepine, brivaracetam, retigabine, lacosamide, and perampanel. Additional compounds that are currently in development for epilepsy are also reviewed. These include the novel α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists CERC‐611 and JNJ‐55511118 that are first‐in‐class drugs blocking only those AMPA receptors associated with the auxiliary protein TAPP γ‐8. The GABA A (α2/3)‐selective compounds, KRM‐II‐81, MP‐III‐080, and PF‐06372865 hold additional promise and potential advantage over nonselective GABA A receptor modulators. The developmental status of another positive allosteric modulator of GABA A receptors, the neuroactive steroid ganaxolone, is also summarized. In addition, two mGlu2 receptor modulators, JNJ‐40411813 and LY2812223 are discussed. Finally, initial data on cannabidiol, anakinra, and padsevonil are reviewed. Literature data derived from studies on both human epileptic tissue and rodent seizure modeling were utilized to glean several compelling novel drug targets for consideration in future antiepileptic drug discovery programs. Thus, in the past decade, key advances have been made that are benefiting the epileptic patient community. The current compounds in development and new drug targets give additional promise of improved antiepileptic drugs.

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Epilepsy Related Death

Case

Blake

2020

A Practical Guide to Supporting People With Epilepsy

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When adverse effects are seen as desirable: Abuse potential of the newer generation antiepileptic drugs

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

An Online Survey for Pharmacoepidemiological Investigation (Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program): Validation Study

An Online Survey for Pharmacoepidemiological Investigation (Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program): Validation Study

New and Emerging Antiepileptic Drugs

Epilepsy Related Death

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