When and how stereotype threat influences older adults’ arithmetic performance: Insight from a strategy approach.

Nicolas, Poshita; Lemaire, Patrick; Régner, Isabelle

doi:10.1037/xge0000647

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…In addition, because age is associated with less frequent use of efficient strategies (Tournier & Postal, 2011; Wegesin et al., 2000), less efficient strategies execution (Taconnat et al., 2009), lower levels of memory performance (Salthouse, 2019), but weak decline over time in Openness (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008), a secondary objective was to explore whether the role of strategy use in the Openness-memory relation was the same at different ages. Personality is a significant predictor of cognitive aging, among other factors such as stereotype threat (Lemaire et al., 2018; Nicolas et al., 2020) or effect of prior-task success (Lemaire et al., 2019). Identifying if the mechanisms involved in the personality-cognition relation over age are the same could pave the way for research on the links between more other factors and cognitive aging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy Use Mediates the Relation between Openness to Experience and Episodic Memory in Younger and Older Adults

Talpain

Soubelet

2020

Psychol Rep

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Previous research has shown that people with higher levels of Openness to Experience show higher levels of cognitive functioning. However, the mechanisms underlying this personality-cognition relation are not well understood. The goal of the current project was to examine whether strategy use mediates the relation between Openness to experience and retrospective memory, and whether the role of strategy use in the Openness-memory relation was the same in younger and older adults. Method: Two studies were conducted. In each of them, younger and older adults were administered a retrospective memory task (29 younger and 27 older in Study 1, 43 adults of all ages in Study 2). They were asked to report the strategies they used during the task, and to complete an Openness to Experience scale. Results: Consistent with previous reports, higher scores of Openness to experience and greater use of efficient memory strategies were associated with higher levels of memory performance. In addition, individual differences in memory strategy use mostly mediated the relation between Openness and memory performance. Results did not support a mediation model moderated by age. That is, the role of memory strategy use in the relation between Openness and memory was the same in younger and older adults. Conclusion: Higher levels of Openness are associated with better memory performance, mostly because people with higher levels of Openness use more efficient memory strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategy Use Mediates the Relation between Openness to Experience and Episodic Memory in Younger and Older Adults

Talpain

Soubelet

2020

Psychol Rep

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“…This design helped us to answer several questions. First, we were able to determine whether Indian older adults show similar age-based stereotype threat effects previously found on French older adults' arithmetic performance (Nicolas, Lemaire, & Régner, 2020). Second, using an arithmetic task which invariably relies on Arabic numbers, we secured leverage on participants' baseline arithmetic fluency.…”

Section: Cultural Differences In Susceptibility To Stereotype Threat:...mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Lastly, we were able to demonstrate and compare the mechanics of any performance decrement under stereotype threat relative to control condition, by adopting a strategy approach (Lemaire, 2016). This approach establishes that age-based stereotype threat effects occur via impairing French older adults' ability to select the better strategy on each item and/or to execute strategies efficiently (Lemaire, Brun, & Régner, 2018;Nicolas et al, 2020).…”

Section: Cultural Differences In Susceptibility To Stereotype Threat:...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another reason for using an arithmetic task comes from Nicolas et al (2020)'s findings that stereotype threat effects in older adults' arithmetic performance exist independently of participants' baseline performance. They demonstrated this by comparing young and older adults on arithmetic tasks where age-related differences are either nonexistent or smaller (Uittenhove & Lemaire, 2015.…”

Section: Cultural Differences In Susceptibility To Stereotype Threat:...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural Differences in Susceptibility to Stereotype Threat: France versus India

Nicolas

Régner

Lemaire

2020

The Journals of Gerontology: Series B

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Abstract Objectives Negative aging stereotypes make older adults perform below their true potential in a number of cognitive domains. This phenomenon, known as Age-Based Stereotype Threat, is currently viewed as a powerful factor contributing to an overestimation of cognitive decline in normal aging. However, age-based stereotype threat has been investigated almost exclusively in Western countries. Whether this phenomenon is universal or culture-specific is unknown. Methods Here, we first ran a pilot study (N=106) in which we assessed French and Indian participants’ attitudes towards aging. Then, we assessed stereotype threat effects on arithmetic problem-solving performance and strategies in French and Indian older adults (N=104). Results We found that French older adults have more negative implicit attitudes towards aging than Indian older adults. We also found that culture modulates age-based stereotype threat effects. Whereas French older adults experienced stereotype threat on both selection and execution of strategies on all arithmetic problems, Indian older adults experienced this threat only in their strategy selection on harder problems. Most interestingly, cultural differences emerged on arithmetic problems under stereotype threat condition, where otherwise no cultural differences were found in the control condition. Discussion Our findings have important implications for understanding how cultural contexts change aging effects on human cognition and age-related difference in cognitive performance.

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“…Furthermore, stereotype threat affects the performance of psychology students on mathematics and logical reasoning tests (Croizet et al, 2004), as well as the performance of African Americans on verbal tests (Steele and Aronson, 1995) and White individuals in athletic tasks (Stone et al, 1999). More recent research has also documented that older adults facing stereotype threat show poorer arithmetic performance (Nicolas et al, 2020) and lower work engagement (Kulik et al, 2016;Manzi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Dissociative Threatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociative threat: underperforming to distance the self from undesirable groups

Hazzouri

Carvalho

Main

2020

EJM

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Purpose This study aims to introduce the concept of dissociative threat, which is the fear of being associated with an undesirable (dissociative) group as a result of demonstrating ability in a domain that is stereotypically linked to that group. Consumers experiencing dissociative threats use inability signaling as a self-presentational strategy in which they present themselves as lacking ability in the dissociative domain. Design/methodology/approach Five experimental studies were conducted to test whether consumers experience threat in dissociative domains and to examine factors that influence this threat. Findings Results showed that dissociative threat adversely affects consumers’ performance at tasks that require using products linked to dissociative groups. Threatened participants reported intentions to perform poorly and train for a longer time in preparation for such tasks, thus signaling low ability in dissociative domains. Additionally, when participants who were experiencing dissociative threats received confirmation that they lacked ability in that domain, their performance at these tasks improved. Research limitations/implications This study expands the knowledge on strategies, including inability signaling, that consumers use to avoid being linked to dissociative groups. Practical implications The findings suggest to marketers that stereotypes that link their products to certain consumer segments can threaten other consumers. Factors that shape and alleviate this threat are identified, which may help companies who are marketing such products. Originality/value This study extends the current understanding of stereotype threat and proposes a new self-presentational strategy, that has not been documented yet in the literature (i.e. inability signaling), that consumers use to deal with the dissociative threat.

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When and how stereotype threat influences older adults’ arithmetic performance: Insight from a strategy approach.

Cited by 14 publications

References 149 publications

Strategy Use Mediates the Relation between Openness to Experience and Episodic Memory in Younger and Older Adults

Strategy Use Mediates the Relation between Openness to Experience and Episodic Memory in Younger and Older Adults

Cultural Differences in Susceptibility to Stereotype Threat: France versus India

Dissociative threat: underperforming to distance the self from undesirable groups

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