When and how to kill a plant cell: Infection strategies of plant pathogenic fungi

Horbach, Ralf; Navarro-Quesada, Aura Rocio; Knogge, Wolfgang; Deising, H. B.

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.014

Cited by 340 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Fungal pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies for successful infection of target hosts (47,48). Fungal spores (conidia) of the insect pathogenic fungus, B. bassiana, will attempt to attach and initiate infection essentially anywhere on host cuticle, although preferential infection sites on some hosts have been observed (21,49,50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen

Pedrini

Ortiz‐Urquiza

Huarte‐Bonnet

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

118

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Entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts represent a model system for examining invertebrate-pathogen coevolutionary selection processes. Here we report the characterization of competing components of an arms race consisting of insect protective antimicrobial compounds and evolving fungal mechanisms of detoxification. The insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has a remarkably wide host range; however, some insects are resistant to fungal infection. Among resistant insects is the tenebrionid beetle Tribolium castaneum that produces benzoquinone-containing defensive secretions. Reduced fungal germination and growth was seen in media containing T. castaneum dichloromethane extracts or synthetic benzoquinone. In response to benzoquinone exposure, the fungus expresses a 1,4-benzoquinone oxidoreductase, BbbqrA, induced >40-fold. Gene knockout mutants (ΔBbbqrA) showed increased growth inhibition, whereas B. bassiana overexpressing BbbqrA (Bb::BbbqrAO) displayed increased resistance to benzoquinone compared with wild type. Increased benzoquinone reductase activity was detected in wild-type cells exposed to benzoquinone and in the overexpression strain. Heterologous expression and purification of BbBqrA in Escherichia coli confirmed NAD(P)H-dependent benzoquinone reductase activity. The ΔBbbqrA strain showed decreased virulence toward T. castaneum, whereas overexpression of BbbqrA increased mortality versus T. castaneum. No change in virulence was seen for the ΔBbbqrA or Bb::BbbqrAO strains when tested against the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella or the beetle Sitophilus oryzae, neither of which produce significant amounts of cuticular quinones. The observation that artificial overexpression of BbbqrA results in increased virulence only toward quinone-secreting insects implies the lack of strong selection or current failure of B. bassiana to counteradapt to this particular host defense throughout evolution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen

Pedrini

Ortiz‐Urquiza

Huarte‐Bonnet

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

118

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“…Many weak pathogens in their hosts can cause havoc and epidemics in related species across continents (Burdon and Thrall, 2009). Plant fungal diseases lead to annual economic losses that exceed 200 billion US dollars (Horbach et al, 2011) in pre-and post-harvest processes (Gonzalez-Fernandez et al, 2010). In 1993 alone, the reappearance of wheat and barley scab (causal agent F. graminearum) in North America resulted in yield and quality losses estimated at 1 billion US dollars (Mullins and Kang, 2001).…”

Section: Problems Caused By Plant Fungal Pathogens In Agricultural Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collectively, the phytopathogens have developed mechanisms and ways to attack any plant (Knogge, 1996), seeking entry and sourcing nutrients forcefully for growth and development (Horbach et al, 2011). These pathogens can reproduce asexually and/or sexually (Gould, 2009), and can overcome plant immune defences (Thomma et al, 2011;Zvereva and Pooggin, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Plants to Protect Plants and Food Against Fungal Pathogens: A Review

Shuping¹,

Eloff²

2017

Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med

196

104

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Background: Plant fungal pathogens play a crucial role in the profitability, quality and quantity of plant production. These phytopathogens are persistent in avoiding plant defences causing diseases and quality losses around the world that amount to billions of US dollars annually. To control the scourge of plant fungal diseases, farmers have used fungicides to manage the damage of plant pathogenic fungi. Drawbacks such as development of resistance and environmental toxicity associated with these chemicals have motivated researchers and cultivators to investigate other possibilities. Materials and Methods: Several databases were accessed to determine work done on protecting plants against plant fungal pathogens with plant extracts using search terms "plant fungal pathogen", "plant extracts" and "phytopathogens". Proposals are made on the best extractants and bioassay techniques to be used. Results: In addition to chemical fungicides, biological agents have been used to deal with plant fungal diseases. There are many examples where plant extracts or plant derived compounds have been used as commercial deterrents of fungi on a large scale in agricultural and horticultural setups. One advantage of this approach is that plant extracts usually contain more than one antifungal compound. Consequently the development of resistance of pathogens may be lower if the different compounds affect a different metabolic process. Plants cultivated using plants extracts may also be marketed as organically produced. Many papers have been published on effective antimicrobial compounds present in plant extracts focusing on applications in human health. More research is required to develop suitable, sustainable, effective, cheaper botanical products that can be used to help overcome the scourge of plant fungal diseases. Conclusions: Scientists who have worked only on using plants to control human and animal fungal pathogens should consider the advantages of focusing on plant fungal pathogens. This approach could not only potentially increase food security for rural farmers, lead to commercial rewards, but it is also much easier to test the efficacy in greenhouse or field experiments. Even if extracts are toxic it may still be useful in the floriculture industry.

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“…According to Thomma (10), melanin production by fungal isolates has significant impact on the virulence of the isolate. Tentoxin plays a role in pathogenesis (11) by blocking the ATPase responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP in plant chloroplasts. This leads to the chlorosis of sensitive hosts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland

Wilman

Stępień

Fabiańska

et al. 2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Legume crops are exposed to infection by fungal pathogens, which often results in contamination with mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of field resistance/susceptibility of edible and fodder pea cultivars to the colonization of seeds by fungal pathogens in two subsequent seasons, as well as to identify the pathogens present in the seeds of the tested cultivars. Alternaria spp. were the most common fungi isolated from pea seeds in both seasons, followed by Fusarium spp., Stemphylium spp., Ulocladium spp., Botrytis cinerea Pers., Epicoccum nigrum Link., and Phoma pinodella L. K. Jones. The highest percentage of infected seeds (55 %) was recorded for cultivar Ezop. The presence of a large number of fungi was found in 2012 for cultivars Santana, Tarchalska, Medal, Cysterski, Mentor, Lasso, and Ezop. Fodder cultivars displayed a lower infection level than edible cultivars. We can conclude that Alternaria spp. were the most frequent fungi present in pea seeds in Poland and Fusarium spp. were likely the most dangerous, having in mind their established mycotoxigenic abilities.

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When and how to kill a plant cell: Infection strategies of plant pathogenic fungi

Cited by 340 publications

References 166 publications

Tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen

Tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen

The Use of Plants to Protect Plants and Food Against Fungal Pathogens: A Review

Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland

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