When “B” becomes “A”: the emerging threat of influenza B virus

Sharma, Lokesh; Rebaza, André; Cruz, Charles S. Dela

doi:10.1183/13993003.01325-2019

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Seasonal influenza B, identified in 1940 [8], comprises two lineages, B/Yamagata/16/88-like [Yamagata] and B/Victoria/2/87-like [Victoria], which have been co-circulating since at least 1983 [9,10]. While IAVs have been responsible for the majority of seasonal influenza complications, IBVs are causing considerably high burdens of morbidity and mortality [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019–2020 Season

Tang

Segovia

McElroy

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Influenza B viruses (IBVs) are causing an increasing burden of morbidity and mortality, yet the prevalence of culture-adapted mutations in human seasonal IBVs are unclear. We collected 368 clinical samples from patients with influenza-like illness in Missouri during the 2019–2020 influenza season and recovered 146 influenza isolates including 38 IBV isolates. Of MDCK-CCL34, MDCK-Siat1, and humanized MDCK (hCK), hCK showed the highest virus recovery efficiency. All Missourian IBVs belonged to the Victoria V1A.3 lineage, all of which contained a three-amino acid deletion on the HA protein and were antigenically distant from the Victoria lineage IBV vaccine strain used during that season. By comparing genomic sequences of these IBVs in 31 paired samples, eight cell-adapted nonsynonymous mutations were identified, with the majority in the RNA polymerase. Analyses of IBV clinical sample–isolate pairs from public databases further showed that cell- and egg-adapted mutations occurred more widely in viral proteins, including the receptor and antibody binding sites on HA. Our study suggests that hCK is an effective platform for IBV isolation and that culture-adapted mutations may occur during IBV isolation. As culture-adapted mutations may affect subsequent virus studies and vaccine development, the knowledge from this study may help optimize strategies for influenza surveillance, vaccine strain selection, and vaccine development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019–2020 Season

Tang

Segovia

McElroy

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Seasonal influenza vaccines are divided into types: trivalent, which consists of influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and one influenza B strain (B/Yam or B/Vic); or quadrivalent, which contains all four strains. The emerging threat of IBV has been recently recognized [10], and seasonal influenza vaccines are moving towards quadrivalent types [11,12,13]. Vaccines designs seek to provide protection against seasonal influenza viruses by eliciting antibody responses to surface viral HA proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Adapted Influenza B Virus in Mice Model

Prokopyeva¹,

Kurskaya²,

Sobolev³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Over the years influenza B virus (IBV) contribute annual disease and can lead to serious respiratory disease among humans. More attention should be paid to the mammalian adaptive processes of B viruses and development of vaccines against current influenza. Because of preclinical trials of anti-influenza drugs are conducted mainly on mice, we developed adequate animal model using antigenically-relevant IBV strain for testing anti-influenza drugs and protective efficacy of flu vaccines. We serially passaged Victoria lineage (clade 1A) IBV 17 times in BALB/c mice. The adaptive amino acid substitutions were found in HA (T214I) and NA (D432N). By the electron microscopic examination, we showed spherical and elliptical shapes of IBV. Light microscopy showed that mouse-adapted B virus caused influenza pneumonia on day 6 post inoculation. We evaluated the illness pathogenicity, viral load and histopathological features of mouse-adapted IBV and estimated anti-influenza drugs and vaccine efficiency in vitro and in vivo. Assessment of investigational anti-influenza drug oseltamivir ethoxisuccinate and flu vaccine Ultrix® revealed effectivity against our mouse-adapted influenza B virus.

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“…HA subtypes are classified as group 1 (H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H11, H12, H13, H16, H17, and H18) or group 2 (H3, H4 H7, H10, H14 and H15) [28]. While influenza A virus remains the major focus of public health officials, the pathogenic potential risk of influenza B virus infections must not be ignored [32,33]. In fact, several studies implicate influenza B viral infection as a substantial health concern in the young pediatric population [34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Vaccinating Children and Pregnant Women against Influenza Virus Infection

Misra

Nayak

2019

Pathogens

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Influenza virus infection is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric and pregnant women populations, with deaths frequently caused by severe influenza-associated lower respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). An appropriate immune response requires controlling the viral infection through activation of antiviral defenses, which involves cells of the lung and immune system. High levels of viral infection or high levels of inflammation in the lower airways can contribute to ARDS. Pregnant women and young children, especially those born prematurely, may develop serious complications if infected with influenza virus. Vaccination against influenza will lead to lower infection rates and fewer complications, even if the vaccine is poorly matched to circulating viral strains, with maternal vaccination offering infants protection via antibody transmission through the placenta and breast milk. Despite the health benefits of the influenza vaccine, vaccination rates around the world remain well below targets. Trust in the use of vaccines among the public must be restored in order to increase vaccination rates and decrease the public health burden of influenza.

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When “B” becomes “A”: the emerging threat of influenza B virus

Cited by 27 publications

References 16 publications

Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019–2020 Season

Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019–2020 Season

Experimental Infection of Adapted Influenza B Virus in Mice Model

The Importance of Vaccinating Children and Pregnant Women against Influenza Virus Infection

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