When Early Crime Prevention Goes to Scale: A New Look at the Evidence

Welsh, Brandon C.; Sullivan, Christopher J.; Olds, David L.

doi:10.1007/s11121-009-0159-4

Cited by 106 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although some evidence supports the positive impact of nurse home visiting programs on reducing infant injuries when the program is implemented with small samples, 2,3 it has been reported that community-wide implementation of the same programs reduces participation and retention rates by up to 67%, 4 decreases implementation fidelity by up to 50%, 5 and raises challenges in finding adequate community resources to meet every family' s identified needs. 6 Distressingly, Matone et al 7 found 14% more injuries for home-visited infants than matched comparison infants when an evidencebased program was scaled up in a community setting.…”

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confidence: 99%

Randomized Controlled Trial of Universal Postnatal Nurse Home Visiting: Impact on Emergency Care

et al. 2013

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although nurse home visiting has proven efficacious with small samples, scaling up to community populations with diverse families has not yet proven effective. The Durham Connects program was developed in collaboration with community leaders as a brief, universal, postnatal nurse home visiting intervention designed to screen for risk, provide brief intervention, and connect families with more intensive evidence-based services as needed. This study tested program effectiveness in reducing infant emergency medical care between birth and age 12 months. METHODS:All 4777 resident births in Durham, North Carolina across 18 months were randomly assigned, with even birth date families to intervention and odd birth date families to control. Intervention families were offered 3 to 7 contacts between 3 and 12 weeks after birth to assess family needs and connect parents with community resources to improve infant health and well-being. Hospital records were analyzed by using an intent-to-treat design to evaluate impact among a representative subset of 549 families. RESULTS:After demographic factors (ie, birth risk, Medicaid status, ethnicity, and single parenthood) were covaried, relative to control families, families assigned to intervention had 50% less total emergency medical care use (mean [M] emergency department visits and hospital overnights) (M intervention = 0.78 and M control = 1.57; P , .001, effect size = 0.28) across the first 12 months of life.CONCLUSIONS: This brief, universal, postnatal nurse home visiting program improves population-level infant health care outcomes for the first 12 months of life. Nurse home visiting can be implemented universally at high fidelity with positive impacts on infant emergency health care that are similar to those of longer, more intensive home visiting programs. This approach offers a novel solution to the paradox of targeting by offering individually tailored intervention while achieving population-level impact. Pediatrics 2013;132:S140-S146

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confidence: 99%

Randomized Controlled Trial of Universal Postnatal Nurse Home Visiting: Impact on Emergency Care

et al. 2013

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“…In program evaluation, there is ongoing debate about the relationship between the quality of research designs and the validity of study outcomes (Weisburd et al 2001;Welsh et al 2010). By comparing two different designs, the current study will contribute further evidence to this important discussion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…For example, results from non-experimental designs are often compared to those obtained from the randomized "gold standard." In one such kind of study, the researcher performs a meta-analysis of effect sizes from experimental and non-experimental studies, and determines what non-experimental design features yield mean effect sizes that are closest to experimental designs (Heinsman and Shadish 1996;Weisburd et al 2001;Welsh et al 2010). In another kind of study, the researcher utilizes data from a field experiment and merges it with large-scale, non-experimental datasets to conduct a search for the comparison group and statistical method(s) that provide the best approximation to the experimental design (Heckman and Smith 1999;LaLonde 1986).…”

Section: Agenda For the Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of military service on criminal offending over the life course: evidence from a Dutch conviction cohort

2012

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Objectives Examination of the relationship between military service and criminal conviction, and evaluation of its sensitivity through the use of two distinct study designs. Methods Data were collected on the conviction histories of a cohort of men convicted of a crime in 1977 in the Netherlands (n0678). The men were born between 1940 and 1964, and reached the age of military eligibility during an era when service was compulsory, although they could be classified as ineligible or exempt for a variety of reasons. Information on criminal conviction was collected from age 12 (the age of criminal responsibility) to calendar year 2003. The first study design-a quasiexperiment-uses panel methods and control variables to compare the risk of conviction among men who served in the military to all other men in the sample who did not serve in the military, irrespective of their reason for not serving. The second study design-a natural experiment-compares men who served in the military to men who, as a result of policies of the Dutch government, were exempt from service but otherwise would have served. For example, at various times, the Dutch government exempted an entire birth cohort from service, or exempted men through use of a lottery. Results In the quasi-experiment, military service reduced the odds of criminal conviction by 22% in each year of the post-service period (odds ratio00.78; p<.01). In the natural experiment, on the other hand, there was no relationship between military service and long-term conviction risk (odds ratio00.98). Follow-up analyses indicated that the results from the two study designs did not differ by crime type, nor were they age graded. There was suggestive evidence that military service actually worsened conviction risk among men who performed the worst on tests of military fitness (e.g., intelligence, language and mathematical skills). Conclusions Two study designs yield two different conclusions concerning the impact of military service on long-term conviction risk. However, the authors view the results from the natural experiment as authoritative, due to the success of this design in achieving superior balance between men who served in the military and men who did not serve. Therefore, the authors conclude that military service had no causal impact on criminal conviction in a sample of high-risk Dutch men. Qualifications of the study findings include the use of conviction data from official sources, the use of a sample of men who were all convicted of a crime at some point in their lives, and the study of military service which was compulsory rather than voluntary. Attention should also be paid to the different cultural and military context of the Netherlands compared to the United States.J Exp Criminol (2012) 8:135-164 DOI 10.1007/s11292-012-9140-

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“…Boston, and other municipalities seeking to promote these partnerships, face the common problem of bringing innovative and effective programs "up to scale" (see, e.g. Welsh, Sullivan, & Olds, 2010). The participants had a number of ideas on how these partnerships could be spread to a broader set of neighborhoods and individuals.…”

Section: We Trust You But Not That Much 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

We Trust You, But NotThatMuch: Examining Police–Black Clergy Partnerships to Reduce Youth Violence

Brunson¹,

Braga

Hureau

et al. 2013

Justice Quarterly

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This paper examines activist black clergy involvement in local youth violence reduction initiatives and efforts to improve police-minority community relations in Boston, Massachusetts. In-depth interviews were conducted with activist black clergy, community organizers, and Boston Police Department (BPD) managers. Study findings highlight how the work of a specific group of black ministers supports that of BPD and vice versa. The research suggests that police-black clergy partnerships can improve police legitimacy in minority communities and enhance informal social control elements of youth violence prevention strategies.Keywords activist black clergy; police-minority community relations; youth violence Rod K. Brunson is an Associate Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University. His research examines youths' experiences in neighborhood contexts, with a specific focus on the interactions of race, class, and gender, and their relationship to criminal justice practices. His work appears in the British Journal of Criminology, Criminology, Evaluation Review, Justice Quarterly, and Urban Affairs Review. Anthony A. Braga is the Don M. Gottfredson Professor of Evidence-Based Criminology in the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University and a Senior Research Fellow in the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management at Harvard University. His research involves collaborating with criminal justice, social service, and community-based organizations to address illegal access to firearms, reduce gang and group-involved violence, and control crime hot spots. Recent articles have been published in

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When Early Crime Prevention Goes to Scale: A New Look at the Evidence

Cited by 106 publications

References 34 publications

Randomized Controlled Trial of Universal Postnatal Nurse Home Visiting: Impact on Emergency Care

Randomized Controlled Trial of Universal Postnatal Nurse Home Visiting: Impact on Emergency Care

The impact of military service on criminal offending over the life course: evidence from a Dutch conviction cohort

We Trust You, But NotThatMuch: Examining Police–Black Clergy Partnerships to Reduce Youth Violence

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