When men break the gender rules: Status incongruity and backlash against modest men.

Moss‐Racusin, Corinne A.; Phelan, Julie E.; Rudman, Laurie A.

doi:10.1037/a0018093

Cited by 445 publications

(395 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The leadership disadvantages arising from low facial masculinity appear to affect only one gender: men. In line with previous research that suggests that men's status suffers to the extent that they do not fit with gendered expectations (Moss-Racusin et al, 2010), men with low facial masculinity were not seen as competitive leaders in our research.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Reading the Face of a Leader: Women with Low Facial Masculinity Are Perceived as Competitive

Silberzahn

Menges

2016

AMD

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In competitive settings, people prefer leaders with masculine faces. But is facial masculinity a trait that is similarly desired in men and women leaders? Across three studies, we discovered that people indeed prefer men and women leaders who have faces with masculine traits. But surprisingly, we find that people also prefer women with low facial masculinity as leaders in competitive contexts (Study 1). Our findings indicate that low facial masculinity in women, but not in men is perceived to indicate competitiveness (Study 2). Thus, in contrast to men, women leaders who rate high in facial masculinity as well as those low in facial masculinity are both selected as leaders in competitive contexts. Indeed, among CEOs of S&P 500 companies, we find a greater range of facial masculinity among women CEOs than among men CEOs (Study 3). Our results suggest that traits of facial masculinity in men and women are interpreted differently. Low facial masculinity in women is linked to competitiveness and not only to cooperativeness as suggested by prior research. Editor's CommentThe paper by Silberzahn and Menges provides important insights into the effects of masculine and feminine facial features. Do leaders in competitive situations profit from masculine or feminine features, and does this vary across men and women? Based on their intuition and a few available data points, the authors expected mainstream ideas to hold for men but not for women, where those ideas support masculinity for leaders embedded in strongly competitive situations. The authors were right-among men, those with masculine features were favored as leaders and indeed were seen as more competitive, but among women those with strongly masculine features and those with strongly feminine features were favored and were rated as more competitive. Having shared these findings with several executive audiences, this editor can tell you that practicing managers are quite intrigued by the implications. For scholarship, the findings reported in the paper have implications for several research streams and theories.C. Chet Miller, Action Editor 272

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Reading the Face of a Leader: Women with Low Facial Masculinity Are Perceived as Competitive

Silberzahn

Menges

2016

AMD

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“…When a man displays communal behaviour in the form of transformational leadership, he may actually exceed perceivers' expectations (while a woman may merely achieve them; see also Prentice & Carranza, 2004). Contrary to this idea, there is some evidence to suggest that communal men face societal penalties (e.g., Moss-Racusin, Phelan, & Rudman, 2010). We argue however that male transformational leaders would not face such penalties because they are in a high status position and therefore unlikely to be perceived as weak or wimpy (Moss-Racusin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Transformational Leadershipmentioning

confidence: 59%

The communality-bonus effect for male transformational leaders – leadership style, gender, and promotability

Hentschel

Braun

Peus

et al. 2017

European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology

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2019) 'The communality-bonus eect for male transformational leaders leadership style, gender, and promotability.', European journal of work and organizational psychology., 27 (1). pp. 112-125.Further information on publisher's website: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

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“…For example, men are perceived as more capable of undertaking leadership tasks, and there have been reports of greater satisfaction with a male rather than a female leader. Women, on the other hand, are often perceived as lacking initiative and ambition and as unwilling to compete [27,28]. This has led to another component of gender stereotypes: the belief that men are more competent in their professional roles than women [29].…”

Section: Physicians' Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

To Inoculate or Not To Inoculate: The Factors that Influence the Decision on Flu Inoculation

Bt¹,

Ra²,

Stasiuk³

2017

J Pat Care

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Objective: Patients' poor adherence to medical advice is a major obstacle to the effective delivery of health care. The present research focuses on how patient preferences and physician preconceptions may affect a patient's decision to comply with a physician's recommendation regarding flu inoculation. Methods:A 2 (physician's recommendation: inoculate/not inoculate) by 3 (participant's a priori attitude: pro/ neutral/against) by 2 (physician's gender: male/female) by 2 (treatment setting: private/public) between-within-subjects design was used. One hundred eight-seven participants were asked to read four scenarios presented in random order, describing the circumstances that occur when visiting a physician who provides information about the possibility of flu inoculation. The participants' a priori attitude toward this inoculation was then assessed. The key outcomes were the decision concerning flu inoculation and the certainty of that decision. Results:In general, the decision on inoculation was negative. The participants who a priori objected to inoculation made a more negative choice than those who had neutral preferences and those who a priori approved of it. Compared with a negative recommendation, a positive recommendation by a physician was associated with a less negative decision. The participants were more certain when deciding against inoculation than in favor of it. Conclusion:A positive physician's recommendation caused the participants' decision on inoculation to become less negative, but this suggestion was not sufficient to change the decision altogether. The participants' a priori preference appeared to be a much more compelling factor in deciding whether to inoculate, and it also affected the conviction of that decision.are no studies investigating the problem of non-adherence of patients to their physicians' recommendation against vaccination; however, this problem can certainly occur in a real-life context [6].Studies examining the causal explanations of patients' adherence often reflect the assumption that a rational decision-making process guides the decision regarding whether to comply. This assumption is also found in the frequently cited Health Belief Model [7,8]. Thus, much of the research is devoted to the identification of the factors suggested by the HBM that affect health behavior. For example, the extent to which people perceive themselves as being in danger of becoming unwell and whether they appreciate how severe the flu can be. In the same vein, the alleged inoculation barriers such as the fear of side effects and discomfort or the cost of the vaccine are very regularly examined [9,10].In contrast, the present research centers on how the expectations of a patient and his/her pre-conceptions of a physician may affect the decision to comply with the recommendation regarding flu inoculation. This focus is implied by two different developments. The first is a change in the patient-physician interaction. The second is a shift in the model that views human decision making as ra...

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When men break the gender rules: Status incongruity and backlash against modest men.

Cited by 445 publications

References 46 publications

Reading the Face of a Leader: Women with Low Facial Masculinity Are Perceived as Competitive

Reading the Face of a Leader: Women with Low Facial Masculinity Are Perceived as Competitive

The communality-bonus effect for male transformational leaders – leadership style, gender, and promotability

To Inoculate or Not To Inoculate: The Factors that Influence the Decision on Flu Inoculation

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