When Northern Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca leonina) Cannot Select for Ideal Sleeping Sites in a Degraded Habitat

Gazagne, Eva; Savini, Tommaso; Ngoprasert, Dusit; Poncin, Pascal; Huynen, Marie‐Claude

doi:10.1007/s10764-020-00173-4

Cited by 14 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Long-tailed macaques have often been reported sleeping in river-edge trees 16,25,26 , and van Schaik, et al 16 indicate that multiple ecological factors (food availability, temperature and predation risk) influence their riverine utilization. Conversely, ecological data for pig-tailed macaques, including the northern species ( Macaca leonina ) and southern pig-tailed species, are less complete 27-30 , and their aquatic-related behaviours are rarely reported. Rodman 31 reported that microhabitat segregation occurs between the two species and that, unlike long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques generally do not use riverine areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing riverine utilization patterns in two sympatric macaques

Otani

Bernard

Wong

et al. 2020

Preprint

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19Many species of terrestrial animals, including primates, live in varied association with 20 the aquatic (e.g., riverine or coastal) environment. However, the benefits that each 21 species receive from the aquatic environment are thought to vary depending on their 22 social and ecological characteristics, and thus, elucidating those benefits to each species 23 is important for understanding the principles of wild animal behaviour. In the present 24 study, to gain a more complete picture of aquatic environment use, including social and 25 ecological factors in primates, factors affecting riverine habitat utilization of two 26 macaque species (Macaca nemestrina and M. fascicularis) were identified and 27 qualitative comparisons were made with sympatric proboscis monkeys (Nasalis 28 larvatus), which have different social and ecological characteristics. Temporal variation 29 in sighting frequency of macaques at the riverbanks was positively related to the fruit 30 availability of a dominant riparian plant species and negatively related to the river water 31 level which affects the extent of predation pressure. Riverine utilization of macaques 32 was greatly influenced by distribution and abundance of food (especially fruit) 33 resources, possibly in association with predation pressure. Additionally, qualitative 34 ecological comparisons with sympatric proboscis monkeys suggest that the drivers of 35 riverine utilization depend on the feeding niches of the species, and different anti-36 predator strategies resulting from their differing social structures. 37 38 Keywords 39Anti-predator strategy, aquatic environment, foraging strategy, sleeping site, southern 40 pig-tailed macaque 43 Animals often live in forests characterized as mosaic habitats comprising both terrestrial 44 and aquatic (e.g., riverine or coastal) environments while varying their associations with 45 the aquatic environment. In addition to direct relationships such as obtaining food from 46 the aquatic environment, e.g., bears eating salmon 1 ; racoons eating mussels 2 , the aquatic 47 environment has an indirect impact on terrestrial animals by bringing about 48 environmental heterogeneity. Differences in terrestrial flora, which are due to varying 49 water abundance and light intensity at the border between aquatic and terrestrial 50 environments, affect foraging behaviour of animals that use plants as a food source. In 51 addition, such boundaries restrict the distribution and movement patterns like a river-52 barrier 3 and thus are constraints on habitat utilization. Aquatic environments are, 53 therefore, undoubtedly important for terrestrial animals across many taxonomic groups 54 and geographic areas. 55Primates are a primary example of terrestrial animals that rely on the aquatic 56 environment. Kempf 4 presented a comprehensive review of primate aquatic behaviours 57 with the conclusions that the use of aquatic resources and the aquatic environment affect 58 various aspects of primate life, including feeding, traveling, predation avoidance, ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing riverine utilization patterns in two sympatric macaques

Otani

Bernard

Wong

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…According to previous reports 20 , 25 , 30 , 52 – 54 , clouded leopards ( Neofelis diardi ), crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus and Tomistoma schlegeli ), and pythons ( Python spp.) may be significant potential predators of macaques of any age or sex at this study site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Indeed, despite the abundance of food resources when studying these macaques, their use of riverbanks was mainly limited to the late afternoon 17,32 ; one reason for this could be related to their nocturnal anti-predator strategy. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ According to previous reports 20,25,30,[52][53][54] , clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi), crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus and Tomistoma schlegeli), and pythons (Python spp.) may be significant potential predators of macaques of any age or sex at this study site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, to gain a better understanding of our riverine anti-predator hypothesis, further studies should evaluate the differences and similarities of predation vulnerability levels between the two macaque species in terms of their differences in arboreality/terrestriality levels and riverine utilization frequency on the basis of accurate population density estimates in the habitat. Furthermore, many studies emphasized the importance of food resource proximity for sleeping site choice by various primate species e.g., 18 , 30 , 62 – 66 . We do not deny the possibility that selecting sleeping sites on riverbanks may also have a secondary effect of minimizing the macaques’ foraging and traveling costs by sleeping near their feeding areas (i.e., areas abundant in C. trifolia ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Long-tailed macaques have often been reported sleeping in river-edge trees 16 , 25 , 26 , and van Schaik et al 16 indicate that multiple ecological factors (food availability, temperature and predation risk) influence their riverine utilization. Conversely, ecological data for pig-tailed macaques, including the northern species ( M. leonina ) and southern pig-tailed species, are less complete 27 – 30 , and their aquatic-related behaviours are rarely reported. Rodman 31 reported that microhabitat segregation occurs between long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques and that, unlike long-tailed macaques, pig-tailed macaques generally do not use riverine areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors influencing riverine utilization patterns in two sympatric macaques

Otani

Bernard

Wong

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Many species of terrestrial animals, including primates, live in varied association with the aquatic (e.g., riverine or coastal) environment. However, the benefits that each species receive from the aquatic environment are thought to vary depending on their social and ecological characteristics, and thus, elucidating those benefits to each species is important for understanding the principles of wild animal behaviour. In the present study, to gain a more complete picture of aquatic environment use, including social and ecological factors in primates, factors affecting riverine habitat utilization of two macaque species (Macaca nemestrina and M. fascicularis) were identified and qualitative comparisons were made with sympatric proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), which have different social and ecological characteristics. Temporal variation in sighting frequency of macaques at the riverbanks was positively related to the fruit availability of a dominant riparian plant species and negatively related to the river water level which affects the extent of predation pressure. Riverine utilization of macaques was greatly influenced by distribution and abundance of food (especially fruit) resources, possibly in association with predation pressure. Additionally, qualitative ecological comparisons with sympatric proboscis monkeys suggest that the drivers of riverine utilization depend on the feeding niches of the species, and different anti-predator strategies resulting from their differing social structures.

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Predator avoidance and food patch proximity influence sleeping site use of Assamese macaques in a limestone forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

GuangHua

Liu

et al. 2022

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives We investigated the sleeping site use of one group of Assamese macaques in Southwest Guangxi, China. We examined their behavioral adaptation to limestone forests by evaluating hypotheses of predator avoidance, food proximity, and range or resource defense. Materials and Methods We recorded the locations of sleeping sites on a topographic map using a grid cell method and mapped the use of foraging patches within the home range. Results Assamese macaques used 19 different sleeping sites, mainly located on cliffs. They rapidly entered sleeping sites and then remained silent. They preferred three sites but never used them for more than four consecutive nights. Sleeping site use was positively correlated with the number of surrounding foraging patches, but the distances between sleeping sites and the last/first feeding areas (84.16 ± 41.26 and 94.88 ± 45.83 m, respectively) were not affected by seasonal fluctuations in fruit availability; these distances were longer than those predicted under a multiple central place foraging (MCPF) strategy but shorter than those predicted under a central place foraging (CPF) strategy. The observed distances between the sleeping sites and the first feeding areas in the rainy season were similar to the predicted distances of an MCPF strategy. The macaques slept in peripheral parts of their home range as expected, and there were no conflicts with neighboring groups. Discussion Sleeping site use was strongly affected by predator avoidance and proximity to food resources, but not by resource defense. The vertical distribution of sleeping sites on hills was not influenced by fruit availability. The macaques are closer to using an MCPF strategy to maximize food harvest efficiency, particularly in the rainy season. Assamese macaques' sleeping site use in limestone forests supports the hypotheses of predator avoidance and food proximity.

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When Northern Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca leonina) Cannot Select for Ideal Sleeping Sites in a Degraded Habitat

Cited by 14 publications

References 61 publications

Factors influencing riverine utilization patterns in two sympatric macaques

Factors influencing riverine utilization patterns in two sympatric macaques

Factors influencing riverine utilization patterns in two sympatric macaques

Predator avoidance and food patch proximity influence sleeping site use of Assamese macaques in a limestone forest of Southwest Guangxi, China

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