When stakeholder orientations matter: Modelling employee orientation, shareholder orientation and supply chain orientation as necessary and sufficient conditions for firm performance

Unravelling the asymmetric effects of procurement practices on firm performance: A complexity theory approach to complementing fsQCA with NCA

“…Research on the symmetric nexus between procurement practices and firm performance provides the foundation for understanding the relationship between multiple procurement practices and firm performance [ 17 ]. In such studies, linear, symmetric, or net effects of procurement practices on firm performance are ascertained, to the neglect of the combinatorial effects of multiple procurement practices on firm performance.…”

“…Nevertheless, comprehending procurement as a complex construct comprises several practices, such as procurement planning, supplier partnership, contract management, and compliance [ 14 , 15 ] has been a challenge, and the complex and heterogeneous relationships between procurement practices and firm performance have exacerbated their asymmetric patterns [ 16 ]. Owing to such complexity, scholars have made a case for the asymmetric modelling of the nexus between procurement and firm performance by using novel approaches that can identify these complex interactions [ [17] , [18] , [19] ].…”