When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals

Costrich, Norma; Feinstein, Joan; Kidder, Louise H.; Marecek, Jeanne; Pascale, Linda

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90003-7

Cited by 254 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Taken together, these differences in working models are consistent with research showing that submissiveness is seen as less acceptable for men than for women (Josephs et al, 1992). Indeed, this expectation may reflect social reality: In a study by Costrich, Feinstein, Kidder, Maracek, and Pascale (1975), submissive men did tend to be devalued by others. We are reluctant to draw many strong conclusions about sex differences from the current data, however, because some of the effects did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance and clearly must be viewed cautiously until replicated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Interpersonal Expectations as a Function of Self-Esteem and Sex

Baldwin

Keelan

1999

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

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Theoretical models of the interpersonal roots of self-esteem emphasize people's expectations about whether they can anticipate acceptance and affiliation in significant relationships. Men and women (n ϭ 182), of high and low self-esteem, were compared in terms of their if-then expectations regarding interactions with significant others. Participants completed the Interpersonal Schema Questionnaire (Hill & Safran, 1994), which assesses the degree of affiliation and dominance that people expect from others. Overall, participants expected response complementarity, with their own friendliness leading to affiliation from others, and submission leading to dominance. Consistent with interpersonal models of self-esteem, high self-esteem individuals reported greater confidence that being friendly would draw affiliative responses from others. Compared with men, women expected more affiliative responses to their friendly overtures, and also expected affiliative responses to submissiveness. KEY WORDS • interpersonal expectations • self-esteem • sexPeople often anticipate very different things in their interactions with others: One person expects that being warm and friendly toward others will elicit warmth in response; another anticipates that being warm and friendly will instead lead to being manipulated or dominated. Interpersonal expectations of this sort are thought to strongly influence people's social perceptions, sense of self, and behavior in relationships (e.g., Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1985;Mischel, 1973).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Interpersonal Expectations as a Function of Self-Esteem and Sex

Baldwin

Keelan

1999

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

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“…Rewards and punishments for gendered behaviors are found in many settings (Acker 1990;Costrich et al 1975;Dunn and Skaggs 1999;Hartmann 1993;Hochschild 1983;Jackman 1999;Jones and Remland 1992;Lips 2000;Ridgeway 1997;Ridgeway and Smith-Lovin 1999) and in this case the staff members' beliefs about how men should treat women became structurally legitimated through their position of authority. Staff reinforced gendered behaviors because they were still exposed to normative gendered 9 ideals both in the hospital and outside of the hospital when they left their workplace and entered the "outside world 5 .…”

Section: Gendered Life At Marion Centermentioning

confidence: 99%

Doing Masculinity in a Mental Hospital

Leyser

2003

Journal of Contemporary Ethnography

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This ethnographic study explores how men constructed and enacted masculinity in a total institution. I observed residents in public areas in two branches of a mental hospital in an urban area in the Midwest. I found that the residents at the hospital adhered to gender ideologies found in larger, Western cultures. The structural constraints at the hospital, however, hindered the men from doing masculinity in ways granted to men in the "outside world." The male residents found alternative means to maintain their masculine status through the only resource they had: themselves.

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“…Achievement success is considered male sex appropriate, hence, it is emphasized over affiliative success by males (Broverman, et al, 1970). The affective reactions, and causal attributions generated in response, to comtemplated and/or actual achievement failure by males in the fear of success and failure studies (Costrich, et al, 1975;Feather & Simon, 1973) substantiated this contention.…”

Section: Affiliative Orientation and Gendermentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These norms are best understood within the context of sex-role stereotypes. Behavior excessively deviant from such stereotypes is condemned and 23 penalties of loss of affiliative support and social rejection may be incurred (Costrich, Feinstein, Kidder, Marecek, & Pascale, 1975 (Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, & Vogel, 1970 Stein & Bailey, 1973).…”

Section: Affiliative Orientation and Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived and actual sex differences in attributional style for affiliative behavior

Brown

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The objectives of this thesis were threefold:(1) to review the concept of attributional style, (2) to demonstrate its applicability to affiliative behavior, and (3) of the main effect and two-way interactions were significant and one approached significance. Examination of the means revealed that of the eight significant main effects six were in the expected direction; of the four significant two-way interactions three were in the expected direction. Although the results were not totally supportive of the hypotheses they did support the thesis that affiliation is the female sex-role appropriate analogue to male achievement behavior.

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When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals

Cited by 254 publications

References 9 publications

Interpersonal Expectations as a Function of Self-Esteem and Sex

Interpersonal Expectations as a Function of Self-Esteem and Sex

Doing Masculinity in a Mental Hospital

Perceived and actual sex differences in attributional style for affiliative behavior

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