When STING Meets Viruses: Sensing, Trafficking and Response

Li, Zhaohe; Cai, Siqi; Sun, Yutong; Li, Li; Ding, Siyuan; Wang, Xin

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02064

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(228 reference statements)

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“…Once STING is activated, it is transported to the endoplasmic reticulum, then Golgi apparatus and finally to the endosome, through intracellular trafficking or autophagy. It ultimately leads to secretion of type 1 interferon, type III interferon and other proinflammatory genes ( Li et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Toll-like Receptors and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-Like Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in the Era of Immunotherapies

Farooq

Batool

Kim

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors, which are activated by foreign and host molecules in order to initiate the immune response. They play a crucial role in the regulation of innate immunity, and several studies have shown their importance in bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The consensus view from an immunological perspective is that TLR agonists can serve either as a possible therapeutic agent or as a vaccine adjuvant toward cancers or infectious diseases and that TLR inhibitors may be a promising approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases, some cancers, bacterial, and viral infections. These notions are based on the fact that TLR agonists stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and in general, the development of proinflammatory responses. Some of the TLR-based inhibitory agents have shown to be efficacious in preclinical models and have now entered clinical trials. Therefore, TLRs seem to hold the potential to serve as a perfect target in the era of immunotherapies. We offer a perspective on TLR-based therapeutics that sheds light on their usefulness and on combination therapies. We also highlight various therapeutics that are in the discovery phase or in clinical trials.

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Section: Toll-like Receptors and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-Like Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in the Era of Immunotherapies

Farooq

Batool

Kim

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…Ligand binding to a well-defined pocket of STING changes its conformation and initiates the signaling process ( 19 ). In the early steps of signaling, STING undergoes several posttranslational modifications ( 20 , 21 ). We discovered that ligand-induced phosphorylation of Tyr 245 of STING is essential for its ability to signal by the IRF3, but not the NF-κB, branch of signaling ( 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

STING-Mediated Interferon Induction by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Requires the Protein Tyrosine Kinase Syk

Wang

Sharma

Veleeparambil

et al. 2021

mBio

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“…For example, detection of viral RNA particles, such as those associated with COVID-19, is achieved by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) [53] . Host defence countermeasures, including production of type I interferons (IFNs), are similarly triggered by microbial DNA from bacteria, viruses, and perhaps parasites, and are regulated by the cytosolic sensor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) [54] , [55] . Recent discovery of STING signalling has provided considerable insight into microbial pathogenesis, mechanisms of host defence, and causes of inflammatory disease and even cancer [56] .…”

Section: Host Anti-infective Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A determination of pan-pathogen antimicrobials?

Prathapan

2022

Medicine in Drug Discovery

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While antimicrobial drug development has historically mitigated infectious diseases that are known, COVID-19 revealed a dearth of ‘in-advance’ therapeutics suitable for infections by pathogens that have not yet emerged. Such drugs must exhibit a property that is antithetical to the classical paradigm of antimicrobial development: the ability to treat infections by any pathogen. Characterisation of such ‘pan-pathogen’ antimicrobials requires consolidation of drug repositioning studies, a new and growing field of drug discovery. In this review, a previously-established system for evaluating repositioning studies is used to highlight 4 therapeutics which exhibit pan-pathogen properties, namely azithromycin, ivermectin, niclosamide, and nitazoxanide. Recognition of the pan-pathogen nature of these antimicrobials is the cornerstone of a novel paradigm of antimicrobial development that is not only anticipatory of pandemics and bioterrorist attacks, but cognisant of conserved anti-infective mechanisms within the host-pathogen interactome that are only now beginning to emerge. Ultimately, the discovery of pan-pathogen antimicrobials is concomitantly the discovery of a new class of antivirals, and begets significant implications for pandemic preparedness research in a world after COVID-19.

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When STING Meets Viruses: Sensing, Trafficking and Response

Cited by 27 publications

References 188 publications

Toll-Like Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in the Era of Immunotherapies

Toll-Like Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in the Era of Immunotherapies

STING-Mediated Interferon Induction by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Requires the Protein Tyrosine Kinase Syk

A determination of pan-pathogen antimicrobials?

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