When strategy is ‘hybrid’ and not ‘grey’: reviewing Chinese military and constabulary coercion at sea

Patalano, Alessio

doi:10.1080/09512748.2018.1513546

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although it may be true that China coercion could indicate their preparedness for war [20]. In the meantime, it is more suitable to categorized China's MLEA as a grey zone strategy.…”

Section: The Absence Of Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s Maritime Ambiguity: A Neoclassical Realist Analysis and How it Shaped the Theatre of Conflict In the Disputed Seas

Heriawan¹,

Abiwawanti²

2022

Proceedings of the Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2021)

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China's assertiveness in the East and South China Sea (ESCS), complemented with paradoxical behavior on promoting international maritime cooperation, has left many to conclude that Beijing uses a dual strategy. To expand China's foreign policy's interpretation, we present an alternative approach with a neoclassical realist analytical framework to supplement the maritime security perspective. By accommodating domestic political changes, we explain the causal process that leads to China's maritime ambiguity and illustrates how it shaped the theater of conflict in ESCS. Understanding the disputes from the framework of unitlevel factors such as state-especially in China's local political dynamics-can bring a novel dimension to the discussion. We argue China's military reform to build a "true maritime power" ( 海洋强國 ) through the utilisation of the grey zone strategy via the China Coast Guard (CCG) plays a significant role in intervening against international politics' dynamic to deter the possibility of high-intensity conflict. Thus, the maritime security of rival country is more focused on how to deal with (1) non-traditional challenges in the sea such as piracy and (2) intergovernmental confidence building through the means of white hull diplomacy-while countering China's ambition on claiming the rights and interests in ESCS 'under the threshold of war.'

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“…Although it may be true that China coercion could indicate their preparedness for war [20]. In the meantime, it is more suitable to categorized China's MLEA as a grey zone strategy.…”

Section: The Absence Of Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s Maritime Ambiguity: A Neoclassical Realist Analysis and How it Shaped the Theatre of Conflict In the Disputed Seas

Heriawan¹,

Abiwawanti²

2022

Proceedings of the Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2021)

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“…Innovative bordering practices are of crucial importance in this regard. For example, in the South China Sea, China has militarized domestic fishing fleets as a strategy to deploy its power and legitimize its exercise of sovereignty within its controversial “nine-dash line” maritime border claim (Patalano, 2018; Kennedy, 2018; Zhang, 2016; Wirth, 2016). In addition to treating fishing fleets as a bordering infrastructure, China has also promoted “patriotic tourism” (Huang and Suliman, 2020) in the South China Sea in which tourists emotionally embody China’s claimed sovereignty over this maritime space (Rowen, 2018).…”

Section: Diving Beneath the Surface: Volumetric/voluminous Approaches...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scholarship on the materiality of the ocean has been highlighted by work on volume geographies and wet ontology. Nevertheless, the question of how the state practices different spatial strategies via maritime borders to harness the multiple materialities of the ocean merits further consideration (Alexander, 1968; Steinberg, 2009; Strandsbjerg, 2012; Chambers, 2015; Clarke-Sather et al, 2017; Stephenson, 2018; Patalano, 2018; Ritts and Wiebe, 2021; Weaver, 2020; Wang and Chien, 2020). While “materiality” is critical, it is still a general term.…”

Section: Future Geographies: Situating Maritime Borders By Interlacin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, we argue that states now increasingly manifest in oceanic spaces as mobile state powers that collaborate with non-state actors in order to exert territorial power over the ocean. For example, the Chinese government’s weaponization of fishing fleets to bolster its territorial claims remakes fishing boats as a mobile infrastructure for performing state sovereignty over ocean spaces (Kennedy, 2018; Patalano, 2018; Harold et al, 2017). Moreover, China’s encouragement of “patriotic tourism” (Huang and Suliman, 2020) harnesses tourists’ movement on the ocean as a means of embodying China’s maritime claims and stoking an affective politics of collective nationalism.…”

Section: Future Geographies: Situating Maritime Borders By Interlacin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maritime borders: A reconsideration of state power and territorialities over the ocean

Hung

Lien

2022

Progress in Human Geography

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While borders traverse both land and sea, current research has mostly concentrated on issues concerning terrestrial borders. Simultaneously, a new body of scholarship has shown how the seemingly boundless oceans are in actuality subject to a variety of bordering forces. As such, we review current research on maritime borders in geography and other related disciplines in three categories: oceanic resource extraction and environmental conservation, volume geography and wet ontology, and concepts of ocean frontiers and voluminous states. Conclusively, we propose land-ocean inter-bordering, multiple materialities, and mobile state power as three future issues to respond to the rapid-changing maritime borders.

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“…China's new naval strategy presents both challenges and opportunities for China and the rest of the world. Patalano (2018), who shares this view, argues that China's excessive use of power in the disputed sea is a result of a larger strategic objective. While war in Asia has not yet occurred, Chinese maritime coercion exacerbates strategic rivalry and the likelihood of conflict (Patalano 2018).…”

Section: Strategic Orientationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ever-growing China’s Maritime Rise and South China Sea Dispute: A Literature Review

Heriawan

2022

JHI

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This article explores the implication of China’s increasing maritime capability and what its means for the world peace. Is China’s maritime expansion a threat or a peaceful one? In this article, the author scrutinies the recent debates and its problematic interpretation of China’s maritime rise through the perspective of integrative review and neoclassical realism approach. First, this article describes the concept of rising power in International Relations and provide an overview of South China Sea (SCS) dispute state-of-the-conflict. Second, it would provide a thorough discussion of the China’s behaviour and intention in the disputed sea. The discussion extends over several prominent concepts: Rising Power, Global & Regional Order, Strategic Orientation, and National Conception. To conclude, this article argues the ever-expanding China maritime strength has given advantages to China’s claim in the disputed sea. China’s strategy pushing the limit of aggressiveness under the threshold of war. At the same time reassuring other countries through various cooperative and economical means.

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When strategy is ‘hybrid’ and not ‘grey’: reviewing Chinese military and constabulary coercion at sea

Cited by 18 publications

References 14 publications

China’s Maritime Ambiguity: A Neoclassical Realist Analysis and How it Shaped the Theatre of Conflict In the Disputed Seas

China’s Maritime Ambiguity: A Neoclassical Realist Analysis and How it Shaped the Theatre of Conflict In the Disputed Seas

Maritime borders: A reconsideration of state power and territorialities over the ocean

The Ever-growing China’s Maritime Rise and South China Sea Dispute: A Literature Review

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