When True Recognition Suppresses False Recognition: Evidence from Amnesic Patients

Schacter, Daniel L.; Verfaellie, Mieke; Anes, Michael D.; Racine, Carrie

doi:10.1162/089892998563086

Cited by 124 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Multiple repetitions did not make available additional retrieval cues, but merely enhanced the sense of familiarity of the targets. These findings not only clarify the mechanism by which repetition facilitates performance in individuals with amnesia, they also reinforce the severity of the recollection deficit and its imperviousness to improvement (for a similar failure to enhance recollection following five exact repetitions, see Schacter et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Not all repetition is alike: Different benefits of repetition in amnesia and normal memory

Verfaellie

Rajaram

Fossum

et al. 2008

J Inter Neuropsych Soc

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While it is well known that repetition can enhance memory in amnesia, little is known about which forms of repetition are most beneficial. This study compared the effect on recognition memory of repetition of words in the same semantic context and in varied semantic contexts. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which these forms of repetition affect performance, participants were asked to make Remember0Know judgments during recognition. These judgments were used to make inferences about the contribution of recollection and familiarity to performance. For individuals with intact memory, the two forms of repetition were equally beneficial to overall recognition, and were associated with both enhanced Remember and Know responses. However, varied repetition was associated with a higher likelihood of Remember responses than was fixed repetition. The two forms of repetition also conferred equivalent benefits on overall recognition in amnesia, but in both cases, this enhancement was manifest exclusively in enhanced Know responses. We conclude that the repetition of information, and especially repetition in varied contexts, enhances recollection in individuals with intact memory, but exclusively affects familiarity in patients with severe amnesia. (JINS, 2008, 14, 365-372.)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Not all repetition is alike: Different benefits of repetition in amnesia and normal memory

Verfaellie

Rajaram

Fossum

et al. 2008

J Inter Neuropsych Soc

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“…When comparing memory performance between patients with AD and patients with amnesia due to mixed etiologies, they noted a difference marked by an abnormally liberal response bias found only in AD patients, although poor discrimination was found in both patient groups. Other studies exploring discrimination and response bias in amnesics of mixed etiologies showed that despite low discrimination, they still demonstrate normal or even conservative bias (Koutstaal, Verfaellie & Schacter, 2001;Schacter, Verfaellie, Anes & Racine, 1998). Closer examination of Korsakoff's amnesia patients showed slightly higher false recognition rates than those with amnesia due to mixed etiologies (Schacter et al, 1998).…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Other studies exploring discrimination and response bias in amnesics of mixed etiologies showed that despite low discrimination, they still demonstrate normal or even conservative bias (Koutstaal, Verfaellie & Schacter, 2001;Schacter, Verfaellie, Anes & Racine, 1998). Closer examination of Korsakoff's amnesia patients showed slightly higher false recognition rates than those with amnesia due to mixed etiologies (Schacter et al, 1998). The authors hypothesized that these results may be due to additional damage to frontal networks present only in Korsakoff's amnesia patients.…”

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confidence: 93%

Preserved metamemorial ability in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: Shifting response bias

Waring

Chong

Wolk

et al. 2008

Brain and Cognition

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Patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) display a greater tendency to endorse unstudied items as 'old' on memory tests than healthy older adults. This liberal response bias may result in mistaken beliefs about the completion of common tasks. This research attempted to determine whether it was possible to shift the response bias of mild AD patients to be more conservative on a recognition memory test through behavioral intervention. Patients with mild AD and matched controls were evaluated with two almost identical paradigms, separated by about one week. For each session, 30 words were studied and 60 words (half studied, half novel) were shown at test. During one session participants were told that 30% of words were old, and at the other session that 70% were old. We found that both groups were able to shift their response bias between the two conditions. That patients with mild AD were able to successfully shift their response bias demonstrates that-despite their overall liberal response bias and poor memory relative to controls-one component of metamemorial ability is preserved in patients with mild AD. Keywords memory; Alzheimer' s disease; response bias; metamemory; discrimination Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes progressive memory impairment leading to lesser than normal levels of true recognition and greater than normal levels of false recognition (for review see Budson, Wolk, Chong, & Waring, 2006). Discrimination in recognition memory tests is often calculated by using a "corrected score" of hits minus false alarms. However, this corrected Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Discrimination is one important factor in memory performance. In the context of a recognition memory task, discrimination is expressed by the ability to distinguish items previously seen from those which were not seen during the prior study portion. Another factor impacting memory is response bias, which is the overall tendency to respond "old" to test items. Response bias may be liberal (responding "old" greater than 50% of the time) or conservative (responding "old" less than 50% of the time) (Snodgrass & Corwin, 1988;Macmillan & Creelman, 2005;Huh, Kramer, Gazzaley, & Delis, 2006). Although perfect discrimination is always accompanied by a neutral bias, as discrimination decreases the range of possible biases increases. Individuals with high rates of false recognition show an abnormally liberal bias; understanding this liberal bias may be important in understanding false memories. NIH Public AccessSeveral studies have explored the impact of aging upon response bias in ...

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“…For Korsakoff patients, on the other hand, increasing false memory was expected (cf. Schacter et al, 1998), due to the combination of impaired strategic retrieval/monitoring and the automatic build-up of semantic activation induced by the longer presentation durations (see McDermott & Watson, 2001). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, in light of Verfaellie et al's finding of reduced false priming in amnesia, encoding instructions were manipulated in Experiment 1, and various encoding durations were used in Experiment 2. It was decided to focus exclusively on patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, instead of using a mixed amnesic group, as previous studies occasionally obtained different results for Korsakoff than for non-Korsakoff patients (Schacter et al, 1998;Verfaellie et al, 2002). Experiment 1 Phaf et al (2000) recently demonstrated that elaboration learning is impaired (but not completely eliminated) in Korsakoff patients, particularly when spontaneous initiation of the process is required (see also Butters & Cermak, 1980;Cermak, Butters, & Gerrein, 1973;Cermak, Hill, & Wong, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Implicit false memory in the DRM paradigm: Effects of amnesia, encoding instructions, and encoding duration.

Damme

d’Ydewalle

2009

Neuropsychology

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Recent studies with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (Deese 1959;Roediger & McDermott, 1995) paradigm have revealed that amnesic patients do not only show impaired veridical memory, but also diminished false memory for semantically related lure words. Due to the typically used explicit retrieval instructions, however, this finding may reflect problems at encoding, at recollection, or both. Therefore, the present experiments examined implicit as well as explicit false memory in patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome and controls. In Experiment 1, encoding instructions either focused on remembering individual list words, or on discovering semantic relationships among the words. In Experiment 2, different presentation durations were used. Results emphasize the distinction between automatic and intentional retrieval: Korsakoff patients' veridical and false memory scores were diminished when explicit recollection was required, but not when memory was tested implicitly. Encoding manipulations only significantly affected veridical memory: Priming was reduced with thematic encoding, and explicit retrieval was facilitated when given more study time.

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When True Recognition Suppresses False Recognition: Evidence from Amnesic Patients

Cited by 124 publications

References 53 publications

Not all repetition is alike: Different benefits of repetition in amnesia and normal memory

Not all repetition is alike: Different benefits of repetition in amnesia and normal memory

Preserved metamemorial ability in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: Shifting response bias

Implicit false memory in the DRM paradigm: Effects of amnesia, encoding instructions, and encoding duration.

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