When Two Factors Don’t Reflect Two Constructs: How Item Characteristics Can Produce Artifactual Factors

Spector, Paul E.; Katwyk, Paul T. Van; Brannick, Michael Τ.; Chen, Peter Y.

doi:10.1177/014920639702300503

Cited by 201 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This type of inappropriate response to negatively worded items can be interpreted as a method artifact and may be responsible for the appearance of separate factors associated with positively and negatively worded items in previous exploratory factor analyses (Spector et al, 1997). Marsh (1986) showed that the size of the negative item bias varied substantially with age among several student samples.…”

Section: The Negative Item Biasmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Although psychometric studies have generally supported the unidimensionality of the RSES (Carmines & Zeller, 1979;Corwyn, 2000;Dunbar, Ford, Hunt, & Der, 2000;Fleming & Courtney, 1984;Marsh, 1996;O'Brien, 1985), when multiple factors have been reported, the tendency is for the positively and negatively coded items of the RSES to form two separate factors. A tendency for positive and negative items to group into two factors does not necessarily reflect a substantively important distinction between positive and negative self-esteem, however (Greenberger, Chen, Dmitrieva, & Farruggia, 2003;Spector, Van Katwyk, Brannick, & Chen, 1997). The differential behavior of positively and negatively worded items may mirror a substantively irrelevant method effect (Marsh, 1996).…”

Section: External Equivalence Of Global Self-esteemmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem.

Schmitt¹,

Allik²

2005

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

1,251

876

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The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was translated into 28 languages and administered to 16,998 participants across 53 nations. The RSES factor structure was largely invariant across nations. RSES scores correlated with neuroticism, extraversion, and romantic attachment styles within nearly all nations, providing additional support for cross-cultural equivalence of the RSES. All nations scored above the theoretical midpoint of the RSES, indicating generally positive self-evaluation may be culturally universal. Individual differences in self-esteem were variable across cultures, with a neutral response bias prevalent in more collectivist cultures. Self-competence and self-liking subscales of the RSES varied with cultural individualism. Although positively and negatively worded items of the RSES were correlated within cultures and were uniformly related to external personality variables, differences between aggregates of positive and negative items were smaller in developed nations. Because negatively worded items were interpreted differently across nations, direct cross-cultural comparisons using the RSES may have limited value.Keywords: self-esteem, cross-cultural psychology, personalityGlobal self-esteem is typically defined as one's overall sense of worthiness as a person (Baumeister, 1993;Branden, 1994;Rosenberg, 1979). Among the many devices for assessing global selfesteem, the self-report version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) remains the most widely used measure (Byrne, 1996;Wylie, 1974). The popularity of the 10-item RSES has been due, in part, to its long history of use, its uncomplicated language, and its brevity (it takes only 1 or 2 min to complete). In addition, the RSES displays a transparent one-dimensional factor structure (Corwyn, 2000;Fleming & Courtney, 1984;O'Brien, 1985;Whiteside-Mansell & Corwyn, 2003), though some studies have found underlying subfactors within the RSES (Carmines & Zeller, 1979;Tafarodi & Swann, 1996).The relative simplicity and accessibility of the RSES has favored a considerable number of translations, including almost all Indo-European languages (Helbing, 1982;Jerusalem, 1988;Shorkey & Whiteman, 1978;Vallieres & Vallerand, 1990) and also many languages from completely different linguistic families such as Chinese (Cheng & Page, 1989;Farruggia, Chen, Greenberger, Dmitrieva, & Macek, 2004), Japanese (Kamakura, Jukoando, & Ono, 2001;Okada & Nagai, 1990), Persian (Shapurian, Hojat, & Nayerahmadi, 1987), and Estonian (Pullmann & Allik, 2000). Because of its presumed simplicity, the psychometric properties of the RSES have seldom been examined with demand and rigor across cultures, often leaving open questions of structural and measurement equivalence.The current study addressed this concern by simultaneously administering the RSES, alongside other questionnaires, to college student and community samples from 53 nations. More specifically, the current study had five main objectives. First, we evaluated the structural equivalence of the RSES acros...

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Section: The Negative Item Biasmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: External Equivalence Of Global Self-esteemmentioning

confidence: 95%

Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem.

Schmitt¹,

Allik²

2005

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

1,251

876

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…7 . Essa característica, não obstante, pode não ser recomendável quando se tem por objetivo medir outros construtos, como traços de personalidade e indicadores de afetos e bem-estar subjetivo, podendo criar um fator espúrio 8,9 .…”

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“…Porém, como Hankins 16 indica, embora alguns estudos definam este instrumento como multifatorial, as evidências correspondentes podem ser proporcionadas por um fenômeno conhecido como efeito do método. Concretamente, o emprego de itens positivos e negativos em uma medida, embora possa minimizar o erro de aquiescência, produz potencialmente ao menos um fator adicional ou torna a estrutura fatorial mais complexa do que seria de fato 9 . Esse problema é o foco principal do presente trabalho, cujo objetivo é avaliar a estrutura fatorial do QSG-12, tendo em conta o possível efeito da redação dos itens.…”

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Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12): o efeito de itens negativos em sua estrutura fatorial

et al. 2012

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O Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12) detecta doenças psiquiátricas não severas. Embora comumente tratado como um índice geral, a definição de sua estrutura fatorial suscita debates. Este trabalho objetivou testar tal estrutura, comparando três modelos: dois frequentemente citados na literatura (uni e bifatorial) e um terceiro, também unifatorial, que controla o viés de resposta devido à redação dos itens. Participaram 1.180 pessoas (300 estudantes universitários; 311 policiais militares; 274 professores do ensino fundamental; e 295 membros da população em geral), que responderam ao QSG-12 e perguntas demográficas. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias apontaram que a estrutura unifatorial, controlando o efeito dos itens negativos, reuniu os melhores índices de ajuste, excetuando entre os militares. Essa estrutura apresentou consistência interna superior a 0,80 em todos os grupos. Concluiu-se que o QSG-12 é mais adequado como unifatorial, embora se indique a necessidade de estudos futuros com pessoas de profissões e níveis de saúde mental diferentes.

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“…This raises the issue of "common method variance" (Podsakoff, 1986). Spector et al (1997) have argued that the most effective way to overcome common method variance, other than methodological weaknesses is to test ideas with different methods. For example, an experimental verification could be provided of the relationships found in a survey method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impediments to Women Accountants’ Career Progression in Malaysia

Abidin¹,

Penafort²,

Jusoff³

et al. 2009

ASS

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The apparent conflict between family life and an accounting career appears to be negatively impacting the retention of women in public accounting (Stockard, 1990). Typically, accounting entails long hours, travel, and a stressful business environment. For many women, these negative factors are intensified by family obligations and the pressures of striving for acceptance in a traditionally male-dominated profession. This investigation set out to directly survey women in the accounting profession regarding their perceptions of their own career barriers in their organizations. In addition, the study was intended to identify possible reasons for women accountants to leave their organizations and ways to retain them. The study was intended to develop a survey questionnaire that would quantify and measure perceptions of the glass ceiling. Following the review of a wide body of literature about "glass ceiling" this study established a conceptual model which related the impediments to career progression. This conceptual model leads to the formulation of an empirical schema and the generation of testable hypotheses. The following measurable constructs or variables were established: (1) exclusionary environment; (2) family responsibility; (3) workplace benefit; (4) job flexibility; (5) corporate policies; (6) job stress; and (7) job demand. This study has practical implications for employers in considering the needs and problems of women accountants in the work force. Alleviating key problems should help employers acquire and retain women accountants for a longer time, thereby maximizing their hiring and training investment. More importantly, dealing with these issues would help intelligent and capable women to continue a career as a professional accountant.

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When Two Factors Don’t Reflect Two Constructs: How Item Characteristics Can Produce Artifactual Factors

Cited by 201 publications

References 30 publications

Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem.

Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem.

Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12): o efeito de itens negativos em sua estrutura fatorial

Impediments to Women Accountants’ Career Progression in Malaysia

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