Where and when are nanodiamonds formed under explosion?

Титов, В.М.; Tolochko, B.P.; Тен, К. А.; Luk’yanchikov, L. A.; Pruuél, É. R.

doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.09.001

Cited by 53 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Among these works, Titov et al have carried out a small-angle x-ray scattering experiment on detonation products, with or without addition of nanodiamonds to the explosive material. 3 They conclude that detonation nanodiamonds a͒ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. are formed beyond the CJ point, namely, after the formation of other detonation products ͑such as CO 2 , N 2 , and H 2 O͒ has been completed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2,6,7 The impact of their formation on the mechanical behavior of the detonation products is not well understood, although the energy released by their nucleation/growth may yield up to 10% of the total detonation heat, 8 thus extending the thickness of the reaction zone ͑ϳ10 −3 m, ϳ100 ns͒ located between the front of the shock wave and the Chapman-Jouguet ͑CJ͒ point ͑the region where all chemical reactions are complete and the detonation gas starts expanding͒. During the detonation, the thermodynamic conditions ͑density, temperature, and pressure͒ at the CJ point reach ranges of 1.5-2.5 g / cm 3 , 2000-3500 K and 15-30 GPa, respectively. The phase diagram presented in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimentally most information about these processes is obtained from the detonation of oxygen deficient explosives ͑TNT, TATB, nitromethane, etc.͒ which produces nonnegligible quantities of carbon materials such as carbon blacks containing up to a few 10% of monocrystalline nanodiamonds. [1][2][3][4] A recent study by Pantea et al 5 suggests that determining the characteristic composition and structures of these carbonaceous residues may provide information that may be used to identify the detonated explosive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Pineau

Soulard

Los

et al. 2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We used molecular dynamics and the empirical potential for carbon LCBOPII to simulate the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters both in vacuum and under pressure. In vacuum, our results show that the growth process is homogeneous and yields mainly sp 2 structures such as fullerenes. We used an argon gas and Lennard-Jones potentials to mimic the high pressures and temperatures reached during the detonation of carbon-rich explosives. We found that these extreme thermodynamic conditions do not affect substantially the topologies of the clusters formed in the process. However, our estimation of the growth rates under pressure are in much better agreement with the values estimated experimentally than our vacuum simulations. The formation of sp 3 carbon was negligible both in vacuum and under pressure which suggests that larger simulation times and cluster sizes are needed to allow the nucleation of nanodiamonds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Pineau

Soulard

Los

et al. 2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…SAXS has been reported to measure density contrast or density fluctuations [14][15][16][17], although this method does not identify what mechanisms lead to the observed density variations [17]. The question arises as to what extent the density can fluctuate under nonequilibrium explosion conditions [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural heterogeneity of diamond-containing detonation material

Korets

Крылов

Mironov

2010

Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.

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Abstract. Diamond-containing material (DCM) synthesized by detonation was separated into fractions. Raman and infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns of the individual fractions were measured. The particles of this material were characterized by the variable ratio of the diamond (sp 3 ) and non-diamond components. The distribution of sp 3 -grains in the particles was of complicated character. The fine DCM particles contained an insignificant amount of diamond. The influence of density fluctuations on the DCM formation is discussed.

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“…It is well known that certain HE formulations such as Composition B produce greater amounts of solid carbon soot than other more oxygen-balanced formulations such as PBX 9501, and as a result are used in commercial production of DND [4]. The production and composition of DND, as well as other solid carbon residues, have been well-studied since their discovery in the 1960s including recent work on identifying the timeline of formation using in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, the change in carbon allotrope formation when HE formulation is constant but other variables such as pressure and temperature are altered, remains largely unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of detonation soot produced during steady and overdriven conditions for three high explosive formulations

Podlesak

Huber

Amato

et al. 2017

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The detonation of high explosives (HE) produces a dense fluid of molecular gases and solid carbon. The solid detonation carbon contains various carbon allotropes such as detonation nanodiamonds, onion-like carbon, graphite and amorphous carbon, with the formation of the different forms dependent upon pressure, temperature and the environmental conditions of the detonation. We have collected solid carbon residues from controlled detonations of three HE formulations (Composition B-3, PBX 9501, and PBX 9502). Soot was collected from experiments designed to produce both steady and overdriven conditions, and from detonations in both an ambient (air) atmosphere and in an inert Ar atmosphere. Differences in solid carbon residues were quantified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and carbon isotope measurements. Environmental conditions, HE formulation, and peak pressures influenced the amount of and isotopic composition of the carbon in the soot. Detonations in an Ar atmosphere produced greater amounts of carbon soot with lower 13 C values than those in ambient air. Therefore, solid carbon residues continued to evolve after detonation due to excess oxygen in the ambient air detonations. As well, higher peak pressures in overdriven conditions produced less carbon soot with, in general, higher 13 C values. Consequently, while overdriven conditions only produced peak pressures for a limited duration, it was enough to influence the composition of the solid carbon residues.

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Where and when are nanodiamonds formed under explosion?

Cited by 53 publications

References 8 publications

Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Theoretical study of the nucleation/growth process of carbon clusters under pressure

Structural heterogeneity of diamond-containing detonation material

Characterization of detonation soot produced during steady and overdriven conditions for three high explosive formulations

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