Where do the differences in childhood mortality rates between England and Wales and Sweden originate?

Preterm birth, unplanned hospital contact, and mortality in infants born to teenage mothers in five countries: An administrative data cohort study

“…We restricted our cohort to infants who were alive at postnatal discharge, to avoid bias due to differences in obstetric and neonatal care quality between countries (eg delivery and treatment for infants with congenital anomalies or severe birth defects). Due to expected differences in definitions for viability between countries, we excluded infants born <24 weeks of completed gestation 11 . We excluded infants with incomplete data on maternal age, gestational age at birth, or socio‐economic status (Table a,b).…”

“…Due to expected differences in definitions for viability between countries, we excluded infants born <24 weeks of completed gestation. 11 We excluded infants with incomplete data on maternal age, gestational age at birth, or socio‐economic status (Table S3 a,b).…”

“…Due to expected differences in definitions for viability between countries, we excluded infants born <24 weeks of completed gestation. 11 We excluded infants with incomplete data on maternal age, gestational age at birth, or socio-economic status (Table S3a,b). In Scotland, England, and New South Wales, SES was determined using indices incorporating multiple measures of deprivation, including income, unemployment, educational attainment, and car ownership.…”

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia subtypes: Comparing birth prevalence, occurrence by maternal age, and mortality in a national birth cohort

“…The analyses restricted to infants for whom maternal age and these four potential confounders were recorded involved 82.4% ( n = 7,807,310) of the original population (N = 9,473,825) and, thus, could be affected by selection bias. We, therefore, also performed multiple imputation (further details below); however, because missingness affected all variables similarly and is thought to relate to poor infant health 26 which can only be partly captured by the available information, results may still be affected by selection bias.…”

“…Missingness of infant, maternal and birth characteristics in HES may correlate with poorer infant health as clinical staff may have fewer opportunities to record these characteristics when infants have high‐care needs. 26 Our complete record analysis of maternal age and risk of CDH subtypes included only individuals with complete infant and maternal characteristics. To assess whether these infants represented a healthier section of the CDH population, we compared them with the full CDH population.…”