Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017

Neuberger, F; Rüttenauer, Tobias; Bujard, Martin

doi:10.4054/demres.2022.46.24

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The availability and the quality of childcare is an important factor of mothers' labour market participation, since it decreases the opportunity costs of childrearing. However, studies analysing this effect among mothers of children below the age of three years show mixed results (Neuberger et al 2022). Some studies found a positive correlation between the availability of childcare and labour market decisions (Brewer et al 2022;Del Boca 2002), while in Germany for example, scholars came to the conclusion, that the increase of subsidised childcare after 2008 raised maternal participation rates only modestly.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Labour Force Participation Of Mothers With...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paid Parental Leave Reforms and Mothers’ Employment in Austria, France and Hungary

Makay

2023

CPoS

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This study focuses on changes in the length of paid parental leave in Austria, France and Hungary between the 1960s and the first decade of the 2000s. Its aim is to analyse to what extent extensions and reductions of the duration of paid parental leave affect mothers’ labour market entry after childbirth. For each country, periods according to the different policy reforms are analysed and data from the Generations and Gender Survey are used to account for changes in mothers’ labour market entry. Scholars have argued that too long periods of paid parental leave might act as work-reducing policy in that they hinder women’s labour market entry while short leaves have positive effects on labour market participation and wages. This phenomenon is studied in three countries with very different conciliation policies. Results for Austria show that the introduction of more flexibility into the leave legislation in 2008 increased mothers’ relative risks of labour market entry especially among higher educated women. In France, the extension of paid leave for second born children in 1994 reduced labour market entry. We found however, no significant effect of the 1986 reform for third children and the 2004 reform introducing a paid leave of six months for first-born children. In Hungary, labour market entry of mothers was influenced by structural changes which accompanied the political transition of 1989 and resulted in longer leave take up of mothers. Labour market entry before the transition was more intensive than ever since that. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Demographic Developments in Eastern and Western Europe Before and After the Transformation of Socialist Countries”.

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Section: Factors Affecting Labour Force Participation Of Mothers With...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paid Parental Leave Reforms and Mothers’ Employment in Austria, France and Hungary

Makay

2023

CPoS

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“…On the one hand, higher wages and thus household incomes increase the propensity of forming homeownership-and thus moving out-in the first place (Barakova et al 2003;Di and Liu 2007;Goodman and Mayer 2018;Haurin et al 1987). On the other hand, the-predominantly non-rural-presence of childcare facilities enables mothers to re-enter the labor force and might thus steer them (and their families) to cities to have short commutes and more time to spend with their children (Farré et al 2020;Morrissey 2017;Neuberger et al 2020).…”

Section: Parallel Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeowner Subsidies and Suburban Living: Empirical Evidence from a Subsidy Repeal

Daminger

2023

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This paper documents effects of a homeownership subsidy's full repeal on the urban-rural residential location choice. First, I document the distribution of population across space for German labor market regions, using official NUTS-3 level population statistics. These labor market regions usually consist of a city (the urban core) and adjacent counties (the urban hinterlands) connected by commuter flows. Second, using IV-estimations in Difference-in-Differences and Triple-Differences frameworks, I exploit the 2005 repeal of Germany's lump-sum direct homeownership subsidy "Eigenheimzulage" on changes in this distribution across space. The results indicate that repealing subsidies to homeownership reverses subsidy-induced population flows to the periphery and thus makes regions re-urbanize. Cities' population gains derive in large parts from families with children and young residents of "building age", that are no longer able to become homeowners outside the city gates without the subsidy's support.

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“…Mainly, they show stronger labor market attachment of East German women, while substantial parts of (especially older cohorts of) West German women are not active on the labor market. Another stream of research revealed that in German regions with higher childcare provision, average female labor force participation is also higher (Neuberger et al, 2022), employment interruptions of mothers are shorter (Zoch & Hondralis, 2017), and that mothers are more likely to be employed after giving birth -with effects on employment being primarily driven by increases in part-time employment (Müller & Wrohlich, 2020;Zimmert, 2023). Additionally, most studies find the effects to be more pronounced in West Germany.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Converging mothers’ employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008-childcare-reform

Fauser,

Struffolino,

Levanon

2024

Preprint

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Looking at a period of childcare expansion, we investigate East-West differences in employment trajectories around first childbirth in Germany over time to identify potential convergence. During Germany’s division (1945-1990), universal public childcare and female full-time employment were the norm in East Germany, while the male breadwinner model was dominant in the West. Even several years after reunification, East-West differences in women’s labor force behavior persist, although they are declining. In 2008, a widespread reform targeted the expansion of childcare availability to facilitate mother’s employment. We use sequence analysis methods to investigate East-West differences in mother’s employment trajectories around childbirth, comparing pre- (1990-2007) and post-reform (2008-2021) years. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990-2021), the analysis comprises 355 East and 976 West German first-time mothers. Before the reform, employment trajectories between East and West German mothers differed in terms of timing and duration of employment states. After the reform, these differences decreased. Further analysis shows a convergence in the prevalence of post-birth part-time employment, nonetheless longer maternity leave is still more prevalent for West German and full-time employment for East German mothers. Employment trajectories of East and West German mothers have converged over the years. While childcare expansion might be contributing to this development, we still observe important East-West differences, especially regarding post-birth full-time employment.

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Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Paid Parental Leave Reforms and Mothers’ Employment in Austria, France and Hungary

Paid Parental Leave Reforms and Mothers’ Employment in Austria, France and Hungary

Homeowner Subsidies and Suburban Living: Empirical Evidence from a Subsidy Repeal

Converging mothers’ employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008-childcare-reform

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