Where is Conflict Research? Western Bias in the Literature on Armed Violence

Phillips, Brian J.; Greene, Kevin

doi:10.1093/isr/viac038

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…While Verdiesen et al [36], surveyed only Dutch people, it is likely that a survey of Japan, a non-Western country, could be conducted a purer survey of attitudes toward humans versus artifacts (for Western Bias in conflict studies, see Ref. [22]). In light of studies that suggest that the quality of responses to online surveys is not high, this number of responses is the result of collecting only those who appropriately responded to the questions about their understanding of LAWS and their efforts to complete the online survey [38].…”

Section: Overview Of Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Public perceptions of autonomous lethal weapons systems

Arai

Matsumoto

2023

AI Ethics

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This study attempts to bridge the gap in empirical and philosophical research on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), through a survey of attitudes using experimental methods. “LAWS” refer to “fully autonomous weapons” that can set attack targets without human involvement and are lethal. Based on previous research, we conducted a randomized controlled experiment to create, present, and collect responses to scenarios describing military operations and outcomes that are likely to express awareness of the ethical issues raised by LAWS. First, our hypothesis that LAWS are less likely to be used was rejected, and the opposite trend was observed. Second, the hypothesis that civilian casualties rather than combatant casualties would influence LAWS use was strongly and significantly confirmed. Third, the hypothesis that remote weapons are more likely to be used than LAWS was rejected. Fourth, there was some support for the hypothesis that LAWS are more likely to be used in homeland defense. Fifth, the hypothesis that male and younger individuals are more willing to use LAWS was strongly and significantly confirmed for male, but not on the basis of age. This study highlights the need for further discussion based on these findings.

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Section: Overview Of Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Public perceptions of autonomous lethal weapons systems

Arai

Matsumoto

2023

AI Ethics

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“…Cameron, Mishra, and Brown (2016) and Sabet and Brown (2018) extend this to note that impact evaluations are highly uneven across countries as well. Phillips and Greene (2022) show conflict research is biased towards Western countries, while Courtioux et al (2022) show that academic research is highly related to public investments in scientific research. Tian (2021) examined the use of statistics in national policy documents but used keyword matching rather than NLP to identify data use.…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Missing Evidence: Tracking Academic Data Use around the World

Stacy,

Kitzmüller,

Wang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Data-driven research is key to producing evidence-based public policies, yet little is known about where data-driven research is lacking and how it can be expanded. We propose a method for tracking academic data use by country of subject, applying natural language processing to open-access research papers. The model’s predictions produce country estimates of the number of articles using data that are highly correlated with a human-coded approach, with a correlation of 0.99. Analyzing more than 1 million academic articles, we find that high-income countries are the subject of nearly 50% of all papers, despite only making up around 17% of the world’s population. Finally, we classify countries by whether they could most benefit from increasing their supply of or demand for data, with the former applying to many poorer countries and the latter to many wealthier countries.

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“…We test our hypotheses using original data collected in Israel. Given its salient violent conflict with the Palestinians and long-standing democracy, Israel is a paradigmatic case study for public opinion in conflictual contexts (Phillips and Greene, 2022; Godefroidt, 2023). For our purposes, it offers several meaningful advantages.…”

Section: Context: the Israeli Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Is terrorism necessarily violent? Public perceptions of nonviolence and terrorism in conflict settings

Sasson-Gordis

Yakter

2023

PSRM

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Discussions of terrorism assume actual or threatened violence, but the term is regularly used to delegitimize rivals' nonviolent actions. Yet do ordinary citizens accept descriptions of nonviolence as terrorism? Using a preregistered survey-experiment in Israel, a salient conflictual context with diverse repertoires of contention, we find that audiences rate adversary nonviolence close to terrorism, consider it illegitimate, and justify its forceful repression. These perceptions vary by the action's threatened harm, its salience, and respondents' ideology. Explicitly labeling nonviolence as terrorism, moreover, particularly sways middle-of-the-road centrists. These relationships replicate in a lower-salience conflict, albeit with milder absolute judgments, indicating generalizability. Hence, popular perceptions of terrorism are more fluid and manipulable than assumed, potentially undermining the positive effects associated with nonviolent campaigns.

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Where is Conflict Research? Western Bias in the Literature on Armed Violence

Cited by 5 publications

References 79 publications

Public perceptions of autonomous lethal weapons systems

Public perceptions of autonomous lethal weapons systems

Missing Evidence: Tracking Academic Data Use around the World

Is terrorism necessarily violent? Public perceptions of nonviolence and terrorism in conflict settings

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