"Where the Working Man Is Welcomed": Working-Class Suburbs in Los Angeles, 1900-1940

Nicolaides, Becky M.

doi:10.2307/4492370

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…They and many others speculate, although there is not an overabundance of evidence, that the FHA largely absorbed the practices, records, and staff of HOLC after it ceased to lend effectively in the late 1930s. 4 Gotham (2000) argued that HOLC and the FHA were linked in a broader process of "racialization of the state," a position similar to that found in two evocative histories of Los Angeles (Ethington, 2001;Nicolaides, 2001).…”

Section: Crossney and Barteltmentioning

confidence: 94%

Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities

Crossney

Bartelt

2005

Urban Geography

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The Residential Security Maps produced under the aegis of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) are often regarded as significant evidence that the federal government was complicit in expanding segregated housing patterns. This paper suggests a different direction for the analysis of the agency's role and the impact of their maps regarding patterns of real estate appraisal and mortgage credit allocations. It is argued that: (1) whereas the broadly asserted relationship between race and residential security areas can be demonstrated, there are important variations that should drive further research in this sphere, including the significance of other demographic, socioeconomic, and housing variables; (2) despite uniform guidelines, the appraisal surveys and assignments of grades by HOLC were not identical across cities; (3) the approaches utilized by HOLC were not identical to those implemented by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), making it unlikely these agencies had a cooperative relationship; and (4) the relationship between grades and the distribution of mortgages varied by lender type and between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, suggesting the importance of local context in examining HOLC as a public policy instrument and its subsequent impact on racial segregation. [

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Section: Crossney and Barteltmentioning

confidence: 94%

Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities

Crossney

Bartelt

2005

Urban Geography

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“…The HOLC's risk maps gave C and D ratings to many suburbs in every major metropolitan area 5 (cf. Nicolaides 1999, 554–6). Outside Chicago, for example, most of the districts that lay to the south, south‐west, and west of the city of Chicago received low ratings.…”

Section: The Emerging Norm Of Institutional Financementioning

confidence: 99%

From ‘black‐balling’ to ‘marking’: the suburban origin of redlining in Canada, 1930s–1950s

Harris

2003

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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Redlining occurs where institutional mortgage lending is the norm and where lenders decline to loan in specific areas. The term originated during the 1930s in the United States, where it was promoted by federal agencies and acquired racial connotations. Recently, redlining has been uncommon in Canada, but contemporary reports, archival records and parliamentary debates show it was widespread from the 1930s to the 1950s. Contemporaries distinguished the ‘black‐balling’ of remote areas, where it was impossible to make loans, from the ‘marking’ of districts in urban areas where companies could lend but chose not to do so. Only the latter can be regarded as redlining. As defined by Canadian housing agencies, most ‘marked’ areas were in unregulated, owner‐built suburbs that lacked services. The suburban origin of redlining in Canada had little to do with the distribution of ethnic minorities. As long as it lasted, roughly until the late 1950s, it perpetuated social class diversity in Canadian suburbs.

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“…In the last fifteen years, however, a new wave of urban historians have begun to record an insurgent history, one in which poor communities and communities of color have not just existed on the urban fringes but have played a pivotal role in shaping contemporary suburban landscapes. 1 Authors such as Richard Harris (1996), Robert Lewis (2004), Becky Nicolaides (1999), and Andrew Wiese (2001) have shown how early working class and minority communities shaped the suburbs. I argue that this alternate suburban history of race and class can be an insurgent force, opening up new ways for urban planners to understand and therefore act in these suburban spaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Struggle of Memory against Forgetting: Insurgent Histories and the Development of a New Suburban Praxis

Schildt¹

2012

Planning Journal

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In this paper, I revisit the popular history of race and class in the suburbs to show that poor communities and communities of color have played a pivotal role in shaping contemporary suburban landscapes, using eastern Contra Costa County as a revealing example. I then draw on Leonie Sandercock's concept of "insurgent historiographies" to argue that this insurgent history of the suburbs can and should redefine urban planning praxis today.

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"Where the Working Man Is Welcomed": Working-Class Suburbs in Los Angeles, 1900-1940

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities

Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities

From ‘black‐balling’ to ‘marking’: the suburban origin of redlining in Canada, 1930s–1950s

The Struggle of Memory against Forgetting: Insurgent Histories and the Development of a New Suburban Praxis

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