Where to park? A behavioural comparison of bus Park and Ride and city centre car park usage in Bath, UK

The Effectiveness of Park-and-Ride as a Policy Measure for More Sustainable Mobility

“…Many of these journeys are of an inter-regional nature and enable London to function as a megacity: the concentration of commercial and administrative activity in the relatively compact area of Central London would not be possible without a public transport-dominated modal split. More generally, Clayton, Ben-Elia, Parkhurst and Ricci (2014) record that the UK was one of the countries that pioneered the use of bus-based P&R in the early 1970s, with substantial investment having resulted in P&R becoming an important feature of many local transport policies. By 2000 there were 70 sites established and by 2007 there were more than 130 P&R sites operating in Great Britain, together serving approximately 60 towns and cities across the country.…”

“…In terms of magnitude, this effect is important in the overall traffic implications, as the extra-urban public transport journey legs which would provide the alternative option were long with respect to the P&R public transport legs undertaken within the city (Parkhurst, 2000a). Recent spatial analysis for the city of Bath, UK demonstrates well how public transport 'all the way', interchanging at P&R sites and driving to the city centre can be substitute journey options (Clayton et al, 2014). Ninety percent of P&R users had origins within the area shown in Figure 2a and 80% of car park users originated in the area shown in Figure 2b.…”

The Socioeconomic Characteristics, Urban Built Environment and Household Car Ownership in a Rapidly Growing City: Evidence from Zhongshan, China

“…On one hand, cars provide convenience, but on the other hand, they place unprecedented pressure on energy conservation objectives, transport infrastructure, air quality, and human health (Pucher et al, 2007). Cities have been severely affected by health-and transport-related problems, many of which accompany the growth in the number of cars, such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and shortage of parking space (Clayton et al, 2014).…”

Developmental Analysis of Park-and-Ride Facilities in Vilnius

“…Therefore, researchers of the P&R scheme seek to find the most rational alternative that would maximize the potential benefit of P&R parking lots [8,9,10,11]. Scientists state that most drivers would use the services provided by the P&R scheme only in case if the ratio between the journey by public transport and by passenger car was significantly different.…”