Whey Protein/Polysaccharide-Stabilized Oil Powders for Topical Application—Release and Transdermal Delivery of Salicylic Acid from Oil Powders Compared to Redispersed Powders

Abstract

Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions are commonly converted into solid-like powders in order to improve their physical and chemical stabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether whey protein/polysaccharide-stabilized o/w emulsions could be converted into stable oil powders by means of freeze-drying. Moreover, during this study, the effects of pH and polymer type on release and trans(dermal) delivery of salicylic acid, a model drug, from these oil powders were investigated and compared to those of the respective template emulsions and redispersed oil powders. Physical characterization of the various formulations was performed, such as droplet size analysis and oil leakage, and relationships drawn with regards to release and trans(dermal) delivery. The experimental outcomes revealed that the oil powders could be redispersed in water without changing the release characteristics of salicylic acid. pH and polymer type affected the release of salicylic acid from the oil powders, template emulsions, and redispersed powders similarly. Contrary, the transdermal delivery from the oil powders and from their respective redispersed oil powders was differently affected by pH and polymer type. It was hypothesized that the release had been influenced by the electrostatic interactions between salicylic acid and emulsifiers, whereas the transdermal performance could have been determined by the particle or aggregate sizes of the formulations.

In Vitro Skin Delivery of Griseofulvin by Layer-by-Layer Nanocoated Emulsions Stabilized by Whey Protein and Polysaccharides

“…Briefly, the primary emulsion was sonicated in a pH 5 buffered solution containing only 1 of the indicated polysaccharides. The sonication procedure was the same as for the primary emulsions [ 19 , 20 ].…”

“…The drying chamber was set at 25 °C and the cooling chamber at −50 °C. A vacuum of 10 −2 mbar was employed [ 20 , 33 ].…”

“…Redispersion of the dried emulsions was conducted in 2 mL deionized water by shaking the appropriate quantity of the lyophilized powder and leaving it for 30 min to equilibrate [ 20 ].…”

“…Using the LbL technique, transdermal emulsions can be produced by including whey protein on its own or in combination with κ -carrageenan or chitosan as an emulsifier [ 19 , 20 ]. LbL is the process by which successive coating of a substrate takes place with polyelectrolytes of opposite charge [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Dissipative Particle Dynamics Investigation of the Transport of Salicylic Acid through a Simulated In Vitro Skin Permeation Model

“…In vitro test membranes, synthetic and semisynthetic, are skin-mimicking in vitro model membranes and include silicone-based membranes [7,10,11,12], cellulose-based membranes [2,3,13,14] and chitosan membranes [15,16]. Silicone membranes -limit the diffusion rate while porous cellulose and polysulfone membranes were proven to be non-limiting [17].…”