Which Are the Best Site and Stand Conditions for Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Located in the Carpathian Mountains?

Abstract

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is one of the most valuable and productive tree species across European mountains, that accomplish multiple economic, protective and ecologic functions. Alongside spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), silver fir is a characteristic species for the Romanian Carpathians. Although silver fir tree is recommended for the diversification of forests in order to increase the resistance to climate change, it is very sensitive to climatic excesses, especially those that proceed rapidly. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate both the environmental conditions and stand characteristics of fir from five mountain ranges of the Romanian Carpathians. The study is based on data recorded over a period of 10 years (1990–2000). As such, a total of 77,251 stands that occupy 211,954 hectares have been investigated in regard to silver fir behaviour. MATLAB scripts were used for analysing consistent data volumes as well as the impact of eight factors on the silver fir productivity (altitude, field aspect, field slope, soil type, participation percentage, road distance, structure and consistency). Our analysis has revealed that higher silver fir productivity is found at altitudes of up to 1200 m, on mid and upper slopes, on NW field aspects, on eutric cambisols and dystric cambisols, with a 10–20% participation in stand composition and in relatively-even aged stands with a full consistency. This study offers valuable insights for forest managers that require comprehensive information in adopting effective strategies to enhance forest resilience under climate change.

Declining Radial Growth in Major Western Carpathian Tree Species: Insights from Three Decades of Temperate Forest Monitoring

“…In contrast, the best growth rates during dry years were observed in oak populations at high elevations. In the case of conifers, only silver fir showed a slightly better growth at high elevations, which aligns with published research that described the most productive fir sites [68]. Based on our findings, we can conclude that we concur with previously published research [69] and, due to minor differences, we do not expect compensation for the more pronounced drought-related decline at lower elevations in the Western Carpathian region.…”

Tree and stand growth differ among soil classes in semi-natural forests in central Europe

“…Fir is well adapted to moist conditions but very susceptible to extreme water stress (Walder et al, 2021) and thus exhibits its highest growth rate on soil types with a high-water holding capacity. Fir registered a high growth rate on Eutric and Dystric Cambisols (see also Dinca et al, 2022) and a low growth rate on Chromic Cambisols, even significantly lower in comparison to Dystric Leptosols and Haplic Luvisols, which indicates fir prefers sites with lower pH (Dobrowolska et al, 2017).…”

Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.): Review of Ecological Insights, Forest Management Strategies, and Climate Change’s Impact on European Forests

“…From ecological and economic perspectives, silver fir is one of the most significant coniferous tree species in Europe [1][2][3][4][5][6], as well as in Czechia [7][8][9]. Originally, fir was the most abundant coniferous tree species in Czechia; its share of an area in the natural species composition is reported to be 19.8% [10].…”