Which method is optimal for estimating variance components and their variability in generalizability theory? evidence form a set of unified rules for bootstrap method

Abstract

Objective The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the four estimation methods (traditional method, jackknife method, bootstrap method, and MCMC method), find the optimal one, and make a set of unified rules for Bootstrap. Methods Based on four types of simulated data (normal, dichotomous, polytomous, and skewed data), this study estimates and compares the estimated variance components and their variability of the four estimation methods when using a p×i design in generalizability theory. The estimated variance components are vc.p, vc.i and vc.pi and the variability of estimated variance components are their estimated standard errors (SE(vc.p), SE(vc.i) and SE(vc.pi)) and confidence intervals (CI(vc.p), CI(vc.i) and CI(vc.pi)). Results For the normal data, all the four methods can accurately estimate the variance components and their variability. For the dichotomous data, the |RPB| of SE (vc.i) of traditional method is 128.5714, the |RPB| of SE (vc.i), SE (vc.pi) and CI (vc.i) of jackknife method are 42.8571, 43.6893 and 40.5000, which are larger than 25 and not accurate. For the polytomous data, the |RPB| of SE (vc.i) and CI (vc.i) of MCMC method are 59.6612 and 45.2500, which are larger than 25 and not accurate. For the skewed data, the |RPB| of SE (vc.p), SE (vc.i) and SE (vc. pi) of traditional method and MCMC method are over 25, which are not accurate. Only the bootstrap method can estimate variance components and their variability accurately across different data distribution. Nonetheless, the divide-and-conquer strategy must be used when adopting the bootstrap method. Conclusions The bootstrap method is optimal among the four methods and shows the cross-distribution superiority over the other three methods. However, a set of unified rules for the divide-and-conquer strategy need to be recommended for the bootstrap method, which is optimal when boot-p for p (person), boot-pi for i (item), and boot-i for pi (person × item).

The psychometric upgrade psychophysiology needs

“…Gtheory equations are built around estimates of variance, but how variance is estimated is left up to the researcher. Some approaches use traditional ANOVA procedures (Brennan, 2001(Brennan, , 2003, structural equation models (SEMs; Vispoel et al, 2023;Vispoel et al, 2018a), or multilevel models (Brennan, 2010;Li, 2023). Variance components can be estimated with these procedures, and then these components can be used in equations for psychometric reliability estimates (see Table 1 for leading to the development of coefficient alpha and his thoughts on alpha 50 years after the publication of the seminal work.…”