“…The most important advantage in using TEM, we think, is the fact that visualization of the fistula is excellent without any incision in healthy tissue such as in York-Mason procedure or perineal approach. As described in the past literatures [3,4,12,13] and the authors know from our experiences, TEM has a lot of technical advantages compared with conventional transanal approach. The magnified threedimensional image obtained via the binocular endoscope enables surgeons to identify, for example, tiny tissue structures, difference between healthy tissues and ischemic tissues, and so on.…”