Whiplash and Sport

Albano, Mariantonia; Alpini, D.; Carbone, G. V.

doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5486-8_13

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Whiplash injury is characterized by soft-tissue trauma to the cervical spine that follows sudden acceleration/deceleration movements of the head along with flexion/extension of the neck (1). The most common cause of this injury is rear-end car accidents (2,3); epidemiologic studies have shown that a considerable proportion of those affected develop sequelae, such as neck pain and headache (4)(5)(6). Other sequelae are posited to include symptoms suggestive of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disturbances (7)(8)(9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric Sequelae Following Whiplash Injury: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundAnxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disturbance are reported following whiplash injury. However, the prevalence of these condition varies among studies. In this review, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disturbance will be referred as psychiatric outcomes.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search on PubMed and Embase (from database inception until March 20, 2021) to identify studies reporting on the relative frequency of these psychiatric outcomes. Three independent investigators screened titles, abstracts and full-texts. Studies including patients with whiplash injury and where the number of patients with whiplash and anxiety, depression, PTSD, or sleep disturbances could be extrapolated, were included. Furthermore, to be included, studies had to defined psychiatric outcomes in accordance with diagnostic criteria [i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)] or by use of a validated instrument with cut-off scores for assessing psychiatric symptoms. Quality rating was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) on the included studies. A protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021232037).ResultsThe literature search identified 5,068 citations, of which five articles were eligible for inclusion. The relative frequency of depressive symptoms following whiplash injury was 32.8% at 6 months, and 34.0% at 6–12 months. The relative frequency of PTSD symptoms after whiplash injury was 9.0–22.3% at 3 months, 15.8% at 6 months and 14.6–17.1% at 12 months. No studies evaluating the relative frequency of anxiety and sleep disturbances were eligible for inclusion.Discussion and ConclusionOur results suggest that there are persistent psychiatric outcomes following whiplash trauma. However, we found considerable heterogeneity among the studies. Thus, we have focused on the most notable limitations of the included studies: 1) small sample sizes, 2) differences in enrollment criteria, 3) lack of control groups, 4) considerable variation in the method used for outcome assessment, 5) directionality of association is difficult to determine and 6) incomplete assessment of compensation factors. We highlight these methodological limitations and outline recommendations for future research. Since psychiatric outcomes are potentially modifiable, future studies should optimize and address the identified methodological limitations so psychiatric sequelae following whiplash injury may be prevented.

show abstract