White Mango Scale, <i>Aulacaspis tubercularis</i> Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): A Challenging Mango Productions in Ethiopia: A Review

Abstract

Mango considered as a major fresh fruit used in the world and produced in several tropical and sub-tropical countries. The production of the crop has increased at alarming rate in the producing areas to feed its demands increments. It is a major fruit widely grown in Ethiopia and placed on second rank in terms of area coverage. Its production in Ethiopia is very low as compared to other countries production and potential of the crop. Even though, many factors reported by farmers, affordability agricultural inputs mainly fertilizers, pesticides and pests are the major challenges for the production of the crop. Recently, white mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis is the major problem affecting mango production in Ethiopia. This pest was first reported in Loko, Guto Gidda district, east Wollega zone of the Oromia region on August, 2010. The infestation of pest has been speeded at an alarming rate and recorded from almost all mango producing areas of the country. Its population dynamics is increased from October to March and reached the highest peak on April in Didesa and Green focus sites. While, at Bako areas, the population of the pest increased from October to April and reached the highest on May. Pruning supported with insecticides decreased the infestation of the pest. But natural enemies showed promised results in South Africa; as a result in Ethiopia it is on the process to introduce these bio-agents. Integrated approaches of biological control agents, cultural practices and insecticide for the sustainable and eco-friendly management option needs further study.

A Review on White Mango Scale Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Management

“…Abate and Dechassa [158] pointed out future research challenges for suppressing the WMS population in Ethiopia. They pointed out that in Ethiopia, laboratories should be established to devise the rearing protocols of biocontrol agents that will eventually suppress the pest population in the field.…”

Pest categorisation of Aulacaspis tubercularis

“…A. tubercularis is a tropical species that originates from Asia but is now established in many tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (Sayed, 2012, Belay and Nagassa, 2021). It has a wide distribution in several countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, North America, South America and in the Caribbean; it has a restricted distribution in Europe (EPPO, online; CABI, online; García Morales et al, 2016) (Figure 2).…”

Alternative products with insecticidal effect in the control of Aulacaspis tubercularis; Newstead,1906 (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in mango cultivation

“…A. tubercularis is an emerging pest, which has accelerated its infestations at an alarming rate and to date is of economic importance from a phytosanitary point of view (Guillén et al, 2017). Its peculiar behavior is the invasion of foliage and fruits (Abate and Dechassa, 2021;Noriega-Cantú et al, 2016;Walters, 2015) depreciating the commercial value (Del Pino et al, 2020), with higher incidence in summer seasons and in some cases present throughout the year and the overlapping of generations (Joubert et al, 2000) that causes losses of more than 50 %, by generating lesions with yellow spots of orange hue on the fruit peel (Juárez-Hernández, 2014). The nymph stage proves to be the most damaging as it feeds on the leaves and fruit of the crop, causing premature fruit drop (Chiguachi et al, 2020).…”