White Tail Disease of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is the most important cultured freshwater prawn in the world and it is now farmed on a large scale in many countries. Generally, freshwater prawn is considered to be tolerant to diseases but a disease of viral origin is responsible for severe mortalities in larval, post-larval and juvenile stages of prawn. This viral infection namely white tail disease (WTD) was reported in the island of Guadeloupe in 1995 and later in Martinique (FrenchWest Indies) in Taiwan, the People's Republic of China, India, Thailand, Australia and Malaysia. Two viruses, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus-like particle (XSV) have been identified as causative agents of WTD. MrNV is a small icosahedral non-enveloped particle, 26-27 nm in diameter, identified in the cytoplasm of connective cells. XSV is also an icosahedral virus and 15 nm in diameter. Clinical signs observed in the infected animals include lethargy, opaqueness of the abdominal muscle, degeneration of the telson and uropods, and up to 100 % within 4 days. The available diagnostic methods to detect WTD include RT-PCR, dot-blot hybridization, in situ hybridization and ELISA. In experimental infection, these viruses caused 100 % mortality in post-larvae but failed to cause mortality in adult prawns. The reported hosts for these viruses include marine shrimp, Artemia and aquatic insects. Experiments were carried out to determine the possibility of vertical transmission of MrNV and XSV in M. rosenbergii. The results indicate that WTD may be transferred from infected brooders to their offspring during spawning. Replication of MrNV and XSV was investigated in apparently healthy C6/36 Aedes albopictus and SSN-1 cell lines. The results revealed that C6/36 and SSN-1cells were susceptible to these viruses. No work has been carried out on control and prevention of WTD and dsRNA against protein B2 produced RNAi that was able to functionally prevent and reduce mortality in WTD-infected redclaw crayfish.

Comparative genome analysis reveals a distinct influence of nucleotide composition on virus–host species‐specific interaction of prawn‐infecting nodavirus

“…The brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana and uninoida, Hyriopsis cumingii showed the most proximate CAI to M. rosenbergii . This is consistent with the findings reported by Sahul Hameed and Bonami () that brine shrimp is the possible vector for MrNV and the satellite virus, extra small virus (XSV). Our findings proposed that H. cumingii may present a potential risk for the transmission of MrNV inferred by the proximate codon adaption index of the virus to H. cumingii .…”

Antibiotic and heavy-metal resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from fresh shrimps in Shanghai fish markets, China

“…M. rosenbergii (known as the giant river prawn) is the most important cultured freshwater prawn in the world. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region, northern Australia, and Southeast Asia, and now farmed on a large scale in many countries (Sahul Hameed and Bonami 2012 ). P. monodon (known as the black tiger shrimp) is a marine crustacean especially widely cultured in its natural distribution region of Indo-Pacific (Nunan et al 2005 ).…”

Molecular biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection in giant freshwater prawn

“…Scanty reports of other approaches, for instances the assessment of genetic variation/ inheritance in selective breeding of disease-resistant strains (Luan et al, 2015) and the use of natural products of plant extracts (Farook et al, 2016;Khanna, Kannabiran, Babu, & Hameed, 2011), are available. Several critical review articles have been published in the past 10 years, revolving the general issues of biosecurity in sustainable aquaculture (Hine et al, 2010), in particular, infectious diseases of cultured aquatic animals (Thitamadee et al, 2016;Yong et al, 2017); and specific focuses on WTD in M. rosenbergii (Bonami & Widada, 2011;Hameed & Bonami, 2012;Na-Nakorn & Jintasataporn, 2012;Pillai & Bonami, 2012 (Aoki & Hirono, 2013;Li et al, 2014;, 2017 and the detection of virus-infected cells Li et al, , 2018, and aptamers that manifesting antiviral property (Hwang et al, 2012;Li et al, 2014;. Among the approaches to construct attenuated live synthetic viruses include genome-scale changes in codon-pair bias (Mueller et al, 2010) and codon de-optimization (Evenson et al, 2016;Martínez, Jordan-Paiz, Franco, & Nevot, 2016).…”