Whither soft power? Divisions, milestones, and prospects of a research programme in the making

Bakalov, Ivan

doi:10.1080/2158379x.2019.1573613

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…O conceito de poder é tradicionalmente compreendido como a capacidade de um ator "A" influenciar um ator "B" para que aja de acordo com os seus interesses (Dahl, 1957;Bilgin e Elis, 2008;Gallarotti, 2011;Rothman, 2011;Bakalov, 2019). No entanto, quando aplicado à dinâmica das relações internacionais, emergem duas categorias que se complementam, o hard power e o soft power 2004.…”

Section: Soft Power No Japão: a Mobilização Da Diplomacia Culturalunclassified

O Soft Power da Política Externa Japonesa: o caso Nintendo no modelo Cool Japan (2004-2011) | The Soft power of Japanese Foreign Policy: the Nintendo case in the Cool Japan model (2004-2011)

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Matos²,

Medeiros³

2022

RMI

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A pesquisa relaciona o exercício de soft power à indústria de jogos eletrônicos desde a seguinte pergunta-problema: como a venda dos videogames da Nintendo está relacionada ao modelo Cool Japan de política externa? O objetivo geral é analisar o exercício de política externa japonês no período de 2004 a 2011; tem como objetivos específicos: (i) contextualizar o modelo Cool Japan, (ii) verificar o crescimento e importância da indústria dos videogames no Japão e (iii) avaliar a participação da Nintendo no soft power do Japão. Como um estudo de caso, explora um modelo de política externa que faz uso do soft power para promoção dos interesses do Estado e de atores privados. Com os dados das vendas de consoles e a contextualização do modelo Cool Japan observa-se uma relação win-win, pois permite maior inserção japonesa na política internacional e a aceitação dos seus produtos no mercado mundial de jogos eletrônicos.Palavras-chaves: Soft power. Cool Japan. Nintendo.ABSTRACTThe research relates the exercise of soft power and the electronic games industry from the following problem question: how is the sale of Nintendo video games related to the Cool Japan model of foreign policy? The general objective is to analyze the exercise of Japanese foreign policy in the period from 2004 to 2011; has as specific objectives: (i) to contextualize the Cool Japan model, (ii) to verify the growth and importance of the videogame industry in Japan and (iii) to evaluate Nintendo's participation in Japan's soft power. As a case study, it explores a foreign policy model that makes use of soft power to promote the interests of the State and private actors. With the data on console sales and the contextualization of the Cool Japan model, a win-win relationship can be observed, as it allows for a greater Japanese insertion in international politics and the acceptance of its products in the world market of electronic games.Keywords: Soft power. Cool Japan. Nintendo. Recebido em: 09 mar. 2021 | Aceito em: 25 out. 2022.

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Section: Soft Power No Japão: a Mobilização Da Diplomacia Culturalunclassified

O Soft Power da Política Externa Japonesa: o caso Nintendo no modelo Cool Japan (2004-2011) | The Soft power of Japanese Foreign Policy: the Nintendo case in the Cool Japan model (2004-2011)

Mesquita

Matos²,

Medeiros³

2022

RMI

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“…The concept of soft power as an alternative to the "hard power" of coercion or direct economic incentives, originally developed by Joseph Nye with US foreign policy in mind, has increasingly been applied to cases beyond the USA and the EU (Bakalov, 2019, p. 137). Opinions are divided as to whether a concept's liberal bias hinders its application to countries besides Western liberal democracies (Bakalov, 2019;Kaczmarska & Keating, 2019). While some scholars go so far as to deny the concept of soft power any heuristic potential in such cases, others seek to "de-Westernize" it to "better understand how nondemocratic regimes promote and manage their images" (Barr et al, 2015, p. 213).…”

Section: Social Networking Sites and Soft Power Of Authoritarian Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such expansion includes digital "information war" campaigns or other deliberate efforts by state actors to "promote its normative frame abroad" (Suslov, 2018, p. 340), but are not limited to those. Following the scholarly consensus on the difference between soft and hard power as difference-in-degree and not in kind (see Bakalov, 2019), this article argues that a country-centered SNS can be both a source of attractive identity offers and a tool of coercion or manipulation. When a social media platform with a strong national focus acts beyond the borders of its "home country", this means the extension of a specific digital media environment influenced by the home state's regulations, as well as hegemonic discourses and popular narratives.…”

Section: Social Networking Sites and Soft Power Of Authoritarian Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Soviet migrants in Germany, transnational public spheres and Russian soft power

Golova¹

2020

Journal of Information Technology & Politics

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When social networking sites based in authoritarian states expand transnationally, digital media environments create soft power resources for these states. Rather than being an intrusion into national cyber-spaces "from outside", these communication networks are constructed by multiple actors, not all of whom are backed or coordinated by the authoritarian state. Diasporic actors are of special interest here. Using reposts as a direct measure of information flows on the Russian social network VKontakte (VK), this article reconstructs Russian-language networks of influence related to post-Soviet migrants in Germany. It shows that transnational communicative spaces evolve around collective resources related to these migrants by tracing how transnational and multidirectional content flow is organized between the post-Soviet space and Germany. Identifiable political sub-networks are found to be dominated by anti-liberal and anti-Western positions, ideologically and thematically compatible with official Russian state discourses. Right-wing radicals, another target audience of Russian soft power strategies in Europe, are shown to be interconnected with the publics of Russian-speakers in Germany and in the post-Soviet space. Communicative spaces on social networks are thus not purely metaphorical, but underpin the extraterritorial reach of authoritarian regime.

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“…Success depends ‘on the minds of the target audiences’ (Nye 2021 , p. 6), so it cannot be exercised alone. According to Bakalov ( 2019 ), soft power means targeting foreign audiences; extended time horizon; and strong civil society ties. Vaccine is a tool, a resource sometimes tangible (medical supplies, hospitals, surgical equipment, PPEs, or technological support), sometimes intangible (prestige in science results, quality perception), so vaccine includes ‘power over nature as well as over other people’, key driver in Nye’s perspective ( 2021 , p. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine (public) diplomacy: legitimacy narratives in the pandemic age

Manfredi-Sánchez

2022

Place Brand Public Dipl

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This paper examines how China, United States, the European Union, and Russia deal with the COVID crisis creating a legitimacy narrative to promote their political projects and values. The counter-pandemic measures include the use of public diplomacy tools and the novelty of the vaccine. The results show that presidential overexposure, tweets, and the language of emotion are strong arguments in building an agenda of international relations. This finding highlights the impact of COVID-19 on political leadership and public governance. Pandemics contributed to the deinstitutionalisation of public diplomacy. The paper offers a comparative view on the use of strategic narratives for foreign policy objectives. Political communication has performative effects on the international order to the extent to which an action has political consequences.

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Whither soft power? Divisions, milestones, and prospects of a research programme in the making

Cited by 27 publications

References 63 publications

O Soft Power da Política Externa Japonesa: o caso Nintendo no modelo Cool Japan (2004-2011) | The Soft power of Japanese Foreign Policy: the Nintendo case in the Cool Japan model (2004-2011)

O Soft Power da Política Externa Japonesa: o caso Nintendo no modelo Cool Japan (2004-2011) | The Soft power of Japanese Foreign Policy: the Nintendo case in the Cool Japan model (2004-2011)

Post-Soviet migrants in Germany, transnational public spheres and Russian soft power

Vaccine (public) diplomacy: legitimacy narratives in the pandemic age

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