Who Are the Anatomic Outliers Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Computed Tomography–Based Analysis of the Hip-Knee-Ankle Axis Across 1,352 Preoperative Computed Tomographies Using a Deep Learning and Computer Vision–Based Pipeline

Why we should use boundaries for personalised knee arthroplasty and the lack of evidence for unrestricted kinematic alignment

“…Another group tried to define normality based on anatomical value distribution [38]. Measuring 27 anatomical metrics on 1352 pre-TKA lower limb CT scans, the authors determined that 31% of patients were identified as anatomic outliers, defined as patients whose lower limb anatomy fell below the 15th percentile or above the 85th percentile in nine or more of the 27 measured parameters.…”