WHO Child Growth Standards. Growth Velocity Based on Weight, Length and Head Circumference. * Methods and Development

Ebrahim, G. J.

doi:10.1093/tropej/fmp086

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Further, the sum of the suprailiac and subscapular skinfold thicknesses (representing truncal fat) were calculated and divided by the sum of all four regions to generate a proxy for the ratio of central-to-total subcutaneous fat (CTSF) [ 27 ]. For sensitivity analyses, weight-for-age z scores (WAZ) and weight-for-length z scores (WLZ) were also calculated at 1 and 6 months postpartum according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards [ 31 ]. Outcome variables representing early infant growth and adiposity were constructed by subtracting 1-month measures from 6-month measures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and early infant growth and adiposity in the Southern California Mother’s Milk Study

et al. 2021

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Background Prior epidemiological and animal work has linked in utero exposure to ambient air pollutants (AAP) with accelerated postnatal weight gain, which is predictive of increased cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood and adolescence. However, few studies have assessed changes in infant body composition or multiple pollutant exposures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine relationships between prenatal residential AAP exposure with infant growth and adiposity. Methods Residential exposure to AAP (particulate matter < 2.5 and 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5, PM10]; nitrogen dioxide [NO2]; ozone [O3]; oxidative capacity [Oxwt: redox-weighted oxidative potential of O3 and NO2]) was modeled by spatial interpolation of monitoring stations via an inverse distance-squared weighting (IDW2) algorithm for 123 participants from the longitudinal Mother’s Milk Study, an ongoing cohort of Hispanic mother-infant dyads from Southern California. Outcomes included changes in infant growth (weight, length), total subcutaneous fat (TSF; calculated via infant skinfold thickness measures) and fat distribution (umbilical circumference, central to total subcutaneous fat [CTSF]) and were calculated by subtracting 1-month measures from 6-month measures. Multivariable linear regression was performed to examine relationships between prenatal AAP exposure and infant outcomes. Models adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, socioeconomic status, infant age, sex, and breastfeeding frequency. Sex interactions were tested, and effects are reported for each standard deviation increase in exposure. Results NO2 was associated with greater infant weight gain (β = 0.14, p = 0.02) and TSF (β = 1.69, p = 0.02). PM10 and PM2.5 were associated with change in umbilical circumference (β = 0.73, p = 0.003) and TSF (β = 1.53, p = 0.04), respectively. Associations of Oxwt (pinteractions < 0.10) with infant length change, umbilical circumference, and CTSF were modified by infant sex. Oxwt was associated with attenuated infant length change among males (β = -0.60, p = 0.01), but not females (β = 0.16, p = 0.49); umbilical circumference among females (β = 0.92, p = 0.009), but not males (β = -0.00, p = 0.99); and CTSF among males (β = 0.01, p = 0.03), but not females (β = 0.00, p = 0.51). Conclusion Prenatal AAP exposure was associated with increased weight gain and anthropometric measures from 1-to-6 months of life among Hispanic infants. Sex-specific associations suggest differential consequences of in utero oxidative stress. These results indicate that prenatal AAP exposure may alter infant growth, which has potential to increase childhood obesity risk.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and early infant growth and adiposity in the Southern California Mother’s Milk Study

et al. 2021

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“…This included infant age at the first visit, gender, birth weight, mother’s age at infant’s birth, maternal HIV status at infant’s birth, and HAZ. We calculated HAZ for each baseline height measurement available for each child using the WHO child growth standards WHO 2006 [ 23 ]. Stunting was defined as HAZ < − 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing growth velocity of HIV exposed and non-exposed infants: An observational study of infants enrolled in a randomized control trial in Zambia

et al. 2021

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Background Impaired growth among infants remains one of the leading nutrition problems globally. In this study, we aimed to compare the growth trajectory rate and evaluate growth trajectory characteristics among children, who are HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV unexposed uninfected (HUU), under two years in Zambia. Method Our study used data from the ROVAS II study (PACTR201804003096919), an open-label randomized control trial of two verses three doses of live, attenuated, oral RotarixTM administered 6 &10 weeks or at 6 &10 weeks plus an additional dose at 9 months of age, conducted at George clinic in Lusaka, Zambia. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were collected on all scheduled and unscheduled visits. We defined linear growth velocity as the rate of change in height and estimated linear growth velocity as the first derivative of the mixed effect model with fractional polynomial transformations and, thereafter, used the second derivative test to determine the peak height and age at peak heigh. Results We included 212 infants in this study with median age 6 (IQR: 6–6) weeks of age. Of these 97 (45.3%) were female, 35 (16.4%) were stunted, and 59 (27.6%) were exposed to HIV at baseline. Growth velocity was consistently below the 3rd percentile of the WHO linear growth standard for HEU and HUU children. The peak height and age at peak height among HEU children were 74.7 cm (95% CI = 73.9–75.5) and 15.5 months (95% CI = 14.7–16.3) respectively and those for HUU were 73 cm (95% CI = 72.1–74.0) and 15.6 months (95% CI = 14.5–16.6) respectively. Conclusion We found no difference in growth trajectories between infants who are HEU and HUU. However, the data suggests that poor linear growth is universal and profound in this cohort and may have already occurred in utero.

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“…Infant growth was measured in postnatal care visits and transformed to age-dependent WHO z-scores. 24…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative insights into effects of intrapartum antibiotics and birth mode on infant gut microbiota in relation to well-being during the first year of life

Korpela

Jokela

Jian

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background and aimsCaesarean section (CS)-birth and maternally administered intrapartum antibiotics (IP) affect colonization of the neonate. We compared the effects of CS delivery and IP antibiotics on infant gut microbiota development and wellbeing over the first year. To understand the developing community dynamics, we focused on absolute bacterial abundance estimates over relative abundances.MethodsWe studied 144 healthy infants born between gestational weeks 37-42 vaginally without antibiotics (N=58), with IP penicillin (N=25) or cephalosporin (N=13), or by CS with IP cephalosporin (N=34) or other antibiotics (N=14). Gut microbiota composition and temporal development was analysed at 5-7 time points during the first year of life using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, complemented with qPCR to obtain absolute abundance estimates in 92 infants. A mediation analysis was carried out to identify taxa linked to gastrointestinal function and discomfort (crying, defecation frequency and signs of gastrointestinal symptoms) and birth interventions.ResultsBased on absolute abundance estimates, depletion of Bacteroides spp. was specific to CS birth while decreased bifidobacteria and increased Bacilli were common to CS birth and exposure to IP antibiotics in vaginal delivery. Abundance of numerous taxa differed between the birth modes among cephalosporin-exposed infants. Penicillin had a milder impact on the infant gut microbiota than cephalosporin. The effects of both CS birth and IP antibiotics on infant gut microbiota associated with increased gastrointestinal symptoms during the first months.ConclusionCS birth and maternal IP antibiotics have both specific and overlapping effects on infant gut microbiota development. The resulting microbiota deviations were found to associate with gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy.What You Need to KnowBackground and ContextBirth mode and maternal intrapartum antibiotics affect infant’s gut microbiota development but their relative contribution, and effects on absolute bacterial abundances and infant health remain unknown.New FindingsUtilizing quantitative microbiota profiling, we identified shared and unique microbiota effects of birth mode and intrapartum antibiotics which explained up to 54% of variation in parent-reported gastrointestinal symptoms in infants.LimitationsDue to the limited sample sizes, especially during the first weeks of life, stratified analyses according to antibiotic dosing could not be performed, and the results on gastrointestinal symptom-microbiota-associations are tentative.ImpactBirth mode overrules the effects of maternal antibiotics on infant microbiota development, while both birth mode and maternal antibiotic use are associated to common functional gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy.Lay summaryCaesarean-section birth and maternal antibiotics during vaginal birth affect infant’s gut microbiota and may increase gastrointestinal discomfort.

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WHO Child Growth Standards. Growth Velocity Based on Weight, Length and Head Circumference. * Methods and Development

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and early infant growth and adiposity in the Southern California Mother’s Milk Study

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and early infant growth and adiposity in the Southern California Mother’s Milk Study

Comparing growth velocity of HIV exposed and non-exposed infants: An observational study of infants enrolled in a randomized control trial in Zambia

Quantitative insights into effects of intrapartum antibiotics and birth mode on infant gut microbiota in relation to well-being during the first year of life

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