WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in China: Barriers, Challenges and Recommendations

Hu, Teh-wei; Lee, Anita H.; Mao, Zhengzhong

doi:10.1142/9789813108721_0014

Cited by 11 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, effective implementation would help to reduce social acceptance, deter initiation and reduce consumption. Our study reports challenges faced in implementing the Act, especially among persons responsible for compliance in public places, similar to a study in China 24 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Section 4 of the COTPA Act specifically deals with preventing second-hand smoke to non-smokers. The implementation of the Act is vital given the high attributable risk for any malignancies and other non-communicable diseases associated with smoking [21][22][23][24] . Our findings are similar with those of other studies on compliance assessment done in other cities of India 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Awareness and compliance to anti-smoking law in South Bengaluru, India

Banandur¹,

Kumar²,

Gururaj³

2017

Tob. Prev. Cessation

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness and compliance to anti-smoking law in South Bengaluru, India

Banandur¹,

Kumar²,

Gururaj³

2017

Tob. Prev. Cessation

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“…Zhang & Cai, 2003). Researchers have realised the potential socioeconomic burden that the huge number of smokers will produce but it is hard for the government to rapidly shut down the tobacco industry which makes a substantial contribution to the national economy (T.-W. Hu, Lee, & Mao, 2013;G. Yang, Wang, Wu, Yang, & Wan, 2015).…”

Section: National Tobacco Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, men smoke as part of their social duty. Moreover, family harmony is so crucial in Chinese families that disagreements about a husband's smoking are discouraged and not taken seriously (Mao et al, 2013). Consequently, female smoking is not…”

Section: Confucian Influencementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Theory-Based Smoking Intervention for Chinese High School Students: Development, Implementation, and Evaluation

Zhao¹

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Background: With 316 million smokers, China is the world's largest tobacco consumer.Adolescent smoking rates are increasing among females, and remain at a high level among males. Reducing smoking behaviour and associated cognitions in this transitional period is important to curb smoking in early adulthood.Objective: There were two objectives in this PhD: (i) to explore the psychological mechanisms underlying Chinese adolescents' smoking behaviour (Study 1); and (ii) to develop, implement, and evaluate a school-based smoking intervention among Chinese adolescents (Study 2). The latter objective was based on the former.Design: Mixed approaches were utilised. Study 1 used semi-structured focus groups based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) among high school students. Following the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods, data were coded into seven domains.Based on the findings in Study 1, a belief-driven smoking programme ("Achieve my healthy future") was designed, and incorporated life skills training. After the implementation of the programme, smoking behaviour, associated cognitions, and skills were evaluated in a longitudinal design (3 time-points). Study 2 also included a qualitative study of the perceptions of school-based tobacco management among high school students and teaching staff members, using focus groups and interviews.Setting: Two middle schools in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China (February -October 2016). Participants: Thirty 10th graders in Study 1 (50% female and 50% male); 207 10 th graders enrolled in Study 2 (106 in the intervention group; 101 in the control group).ii Measurements: Two qualitative studies and one quantitative study were included. For the elicitation study (Study 1), focus groups was used. For the qualitative study (Study 2), smoking behaviour, associated cognitions (intention, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, willingness, prototype), and life skills (stress coping, decision making, assertiveness, pragmatics, dispositions towards critical thinking) were tested. For the perception study (Study 2), mixed data from focus groups, interviews, and field observations were used.Intervention: Based on the findings of Study 1, a four-session classroom-based intervention was designed. The programme focused on psychological constructs (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and prototype) as well as life skills (stress coping, decision making, assertiveness and pragmatics, and critical thinking). Each session lasted for 40 minutes.Key findings: (i) Study 1 identified seven domains, namely, advantages, disadvantages, approvers, disapprovers, facilitators, barriers, and smoker images. Smoking as a gendered behaviour, smoking as influenced by cultural and environmental contexts, smoking as a strategy to cope with stress, and awareness of the harm of smoking, are highlighted themes across domains. Based on the elicited beliefs, a smoking intervention programme was designed. Study 2 showed that (ii) the pilot intervention based o...

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Free Radical and Nicotine Yields in Mainstream Smoke of Chinese Marketed Cigarettes: Variation with Smoking Regimens and Cigarette Brands

Lei

Goel

Sun

et al. 2020

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Free radicals and nicotine are components of cigarette smoke that are thought to contribute to the development of smokinginduced diseases. China has the largest number of smokers in the world, yet little is known about the yields of tobacco smoke constituents in different Chinese brands of cigarettes. In this study, gas-phase and particulate-phase free radicals as well as nicotine yields were quantified in mainstream cigarette smoke from five popular Chinese brands and two research cigarettes (3R4F and 1R6F). Mainstream smoke was generated under International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens using a linear smoking machine. Levels of free radicals and nicotine were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, respectively. Under the ISO puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 3.0 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 118 ± 44.7 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/cig nicotine. Under the CI puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 5.6 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 282 ± 92.1 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 2.1 ± 0.4 mg/cig nicotine. Overall, both gas-and particulate-phase free radicals were substantially lower compared to the research cigarettes under both regimens, whereas no significant differences were observed for nicotine levels. When Chinese brands were compared, the highest free radical and nicotine yields were found in "LL" and "BS" brands, while lowest levels were found in "YY". These results suggested that the lower radical delivery by Chinese cigarettes compared to United States reference cigarettes may be associated with reductions in oxidant-related harm.

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WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in China: Barriers, Challenges and Recommendations

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Awareness and compliance to anti-smoking law in South Bengaluru, India

Awareness and compliance to anti-smoking law in South Bengaluru, India

A Theory-Based Smoking Intervention for Chinese High School Students: Development, Implementation, and Evaluation

Free Radical and Nicotine Yields in Mainstream Smoke of Chinese Marketed Cigarettes: Variation with Smoking Regimens and Cigarette Brands

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