Who is Black? The urgency of accurately defining the Black population when conducting health research in Canada

Cénat, Jude Mary

doi:10.1503/cmaj.220274

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The lack of Canadian research that remains colorblind on this issue and on other health issues should be addressed. 68 The same observations can be made for age‐related issues, which were at the heart of the pandemic, but have failed to be the focus of research initiatives. Future work should consider key factors, such as race and ethnicity, age, gender, education level, socioeconomic status, living in rural areas, and the province of residence for the development of prevention and education programs aimed at improving vaccination rates and equitable access.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Prevalence and factors related to COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Cénat

Noorishad

Farahi

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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This systematic review and meta‐analysis examined the prevalence and factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and vaccine unwillingness in Canada. Eleven databases were searched in March 2022. The pooled prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness was estimated. Subgroup analyses and meta‐regressions were performed. Out of 667 studies screened, 86 full‐text articles were reviewed, and 30 were included in the systematic review. Twenty‐four articles were included in the meta‐analysis; 12 for the pooled prevalence of vaccine hesitancy (42.3% [95% CI, 33.7%–51.0%]) and 12 for vaccine unwillingness (20.1% [95% CI, 15.2%−24.9%]). Vaccine hesitancy was higher in females (18.3% [95% CI, 12.4%−24.2%]) than males (13.9% [95% CI, 9.0%−18.8%]), and in rural (16.3% [95% CI, 12.9%−19.7%]) versus urban areas (14.1% [95%CI, 9.9%−18.3%]). Vaccine unwillingness was higher in females (19.9% [95% CI, 11.0%−24.8%]) compared with males (13.6% [95% CI, 8.0%−19.2%]), non‐White individuals (21.7% [95% CI, 16.2%−27.3%]) than White individuals (14.8% [95% CI, 11.0%−18.5%]), and secondary or less (24.2% [95% CI, 18.8%−29.6%]) versus postsecondary education (15.9% [95% CI, 11.6%−20.2%]). Factors related to racial disparities, gender, education level, and age are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…of Canadian research that remains colorblind on this issue and on other health issues should be addressed. 68 The same observations can be made for age-related issues, which were at the heart of the pandemic, but have failed to be the focus of research initiatives.…”

Section: Conflict Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and factors related to COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Cénat

Noorishad

Farahi

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Similarly, the “Caribbean” category included the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, where people primarily identify themselves as Latino. A recent article exposed this problem and proposed solutions on how to define Black people in health research in Canada 71 . In addition, there are increasing calls for genetic ancestry assessments to better study certain disparities in health research, including cancer studies 72 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…32,33,46,47 -351 across 10 provinces did not report any data on ethnicity, despite recognizing and collecting data on other social determinants of health such as education, income, and geographical location (urban/rural). 70 The second limitation of this study is the difficulty of defining who is 71 In addition, there are increasing calls for genetic ancestry assessments to better study certain disparities in health research, including cancer studies. 72 As we work to better collect racial and ethnic data, it is important to consider studies that incorporate genetic ancestry contributions.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, factors, and disparities related to cancer among Black individuals in Canada: A scoping review

Cénat

Dromer

Darius

et al. 2022

Cancer

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Background In Canada, two of five individuals will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime and one in four will die from this disease. Given the disparities observed in health research among Black individuals, we conducted a scoping review to analyze the state of cancer research in Canadian Black communities regarding prevalence, incidence, screening, mortality, and related factors to observe advances and identify gaps and disparities. Methods A comprehensive search strategy was developed and executed in December 2021 across 10 databases (e.g., Embase). Of 3451 studies generated by the search, 19 were retained for extraction and included in this study. Results Studies were focused on a variety of cancer types among Black individuals including anal, breast, cervical, colorectal, gastric, lung, and prostate cancers. They included data on incidence, stage of cancer at diagnosis, type of care received, diagnostic interval length, and screening. A few studies also demonstrated racial disparities among Black individuals. This research reveals disparities in screening, incidence, and quality of care among Black individuals in Canada. Conclusions Given the gaps observed in cancer studies among Black individuals, federal and provincial governments and universities should consider creating special funds to generate research on this important health issue. Plain language summary Important gaps were observed on research on cancer among Black communities in Canada. Studies included in the scoping review highlights disparities in screening, incidence, and quality of care among Black individuals in Canada.

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“…Moreover, the results of a recent scoping review aiming to explore substance use among African, Caribbean, and Black individuals in Canada were inconclusive (Nguemo Djiometio et al, 2020). The 25 studies included in the review comprised samples of individuals mostly from communities not clearly defined as Black (e.g., immigrants from the Caribbean or Africa; Cénat, 2022c; Nguemo Djiometio et al, 2020). The few studies that did examine substance use focused on specific populations with questionable generalizability, such as members of the Seventh-day Adventist church—a religion that prohibits the use of substances (McKenzie et al, 2015).…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and factors related to substance use among Black individuals aged 15–40 years old in Canada: The role of everyday racial discrimination.

Cénat¹,

Dromer²,

Auguste³

et al. 2023

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Objective: Despite evidence that Black individuals are confronted with various types of racial discrimination that put them at risk for alcohol and substance use disorders, no study in Canada has assessed the frequency and factors related to substance use in Black communities. This study thus aims to examine the frequency and factors related to substance use in Black communities in Canada. Method: A total of 845 Black individuals in Canada (76.6% female) completed questionnaires assessing substance use (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs), everyday racial discrimination, resilience, religious involvement, and sociodemographic information. Multivariable regression analyses were used to determine factors related to substance use among Black individuals. Results: The findings showed that 14.8% (95% CI [8.60, 20.94]) of participants reported using any substance (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs) in the past 12 months. Men reported a significantly higher frequency of substance use than women (25.7% vs. 11.1%; x 2 = 27.67, p < .001). Everyday racial discrimination (ß = .27, p < .001) and place of birth (born in Canada, ß = .14, p < .001) were positively associated with substance use, whereas it was negatively associated with religiosity, resilience, and gender (being a female; ß = −.08, p < .05; ß = −.21, p < .001; ß = −.12, p < .001). Conclusions: Racial discrimination is associated with substance use among Black individuals in Canada. The study findings inform potential prevention and intervention strategies by examining protective factors related to substance use (e.g., religiosity, resilience, gender) among Black individuals. Public Health Significance StatementFindings from this research reveal that more than one out of ten Black individuals in Canada use substances. This study demonstrates the importance of considering racial discrimination in substance use among Black individuals in Canada. It also shows the need to embrace an intersectional approach that includes gender, place of birth, age, religiosity, and resilience in the understanding of substance use among Black individuals in Canada.

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Who is Black? The urgency of accurately defining the Black population when conducting health research in Canada

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Prevalence and factors related to COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Prevalence and factors related to COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Incidence, factors, and disparities related to cancer among Black individuals in Canada: A scoping review

Frequency and factors related to substance use among Black individuals aged 15–40 years old in Canada: The role of everyday racial discrimination.

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