Whole blood serotonin and tryptophan levels in Tourette's disorder: Effects of acute and chronic clonidine treatment

Jf, Leckman; Gm, Anderson; Dj, Cohen; S, Ort; Df, Harcherik; El, Hoder; Ba, Shaywitz

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90435-1

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Also, significantly decreased serum tryptophan levels of TS patients have been reported in two large-scale studies, 50,51 which would be compatible with increased turnover of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. However, cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan levels were found to be normal in a different study.…”

Section: Altered Tryptophan Metabolism and Data On Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?

Hoekstra¹,

Kallenberg²,

Korf

et al. 2002

Mol Psychiatry

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We provide a review of recent research findings which support the involvement of autoimmunity in childhood-onset tic disorders, in particular the presence of antineuronal autoantibodies, D8/17 B lymphocyte overexpression, a marker of chorea associated with streptococcal infection, and possible beneficial effects of immunomodulatory intervention. One of the most controversial areas in this field is the validity of the proposed PANDAS concept. Some researchers have delineated a putatively unique subgroup of patients, from the spectrum of illness encompassing Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), whose tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms are shown to arise in response to beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections. They designated it by the term pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Herein we additionally present pros and cons concerning the concept of PANDAS. Finally, recommendations for future research directions are given.

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Section: Altered Tryptophan Metabolism and Data On Cytokinesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?

Hoekstra¹,

Kallenberg²,

Korf

et al. 2002

Mol Psychiatry

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“…However, our study also includes the concomitant 5-HT 2A R measure, indicative of a trend for elevations in 5-HT 2A BP. 5-HT abnormalities have been hypothesized in TS, although there are conflicting reports regarding 5-HT metabolism (Comings, 1990;Leckman et al, 1984). Some abnormalities that have been hypothesized to be related to co-morbidity with OCD include decreased SERT in platelets (Weizman et al, 1992).…”

Section: -Ht and Da Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Neurotransmission in Tourette Syndrome: Clues from an In Vivo Neurochemistry Study with PET

Wong

Brašić

Singer

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

233

172

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Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with childhood onset characterized by motor and phonic tics. Obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) is often concomitant with TS. Dysfunctional tonic and phasic dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) metabolism may play a role in the pathophysiology of TS. We simultaneously measured the density, affinity, and brain distribution of dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 -R's), dopamine transporter binding potential (BP), and amphetamine-induced dopamine release (DA rel ) in 14 adults with TS and 10 normal adult controls. We also measured the brain distribution and BP of serotonin 5-HT 2A receptors (5-HT 2A R), and serotonin transporter (SERT) BP, in 11 subjects with TS and 10 normal control subjects. As compared with controls, DA rel was significantly increased in the ventral striatum among subjects with TS. Adults with TS + OCD exhibited a significant D 2 -R increase in left ventral striatum. SERT BP in midbrain and caudate/putamen was significantly increased in adults with TS (TS + OCD and TS-OCD). In three subjects with TS + OCD, in whom D 2 -R, 5-HT 2A R, and SERT were measured within a 12-month period, there was a weakly significant elevation of DA rel and 5-HT 2A BP, when compared with TS-OCD subjects and normal controls. The current study confirms, with a larger sample size and higher resolution PET scanning, our earlier report that elevated DA rel is a primary defect in TS. The finding of decreased SERT BP, and the possible elevation in 5-HT 2A R in individuals with TS who had increased DA rel , suggest a condition of increased phasic DA rel modulated by low 5-HT in concomitant OCD.

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“…Blood levels of both serotonin and tryptophan have been found to be reduced in TS patients [25][26][27]. However, the significance of these findings remains unclear since tryptophan but not serotonin can cross the human blood-brain barrier.…”

Section: Findings From Laboratory Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Pathophysiological Role of the Serotonergic System in Tourette Syndrome

Müller-Vahl¹

2007

CPSR

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Tourette syndrome (TS) is defined as a chronic motor and vocal tic disorder. Because dopamine blocking drugs reduce tics it has been suggested that the dopaminergic system is pathophysiologically involved. However, comorbidities such as obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCB), depression, and anxiety are often associated suggesting that imbalances among other neurotransmitter systems may also exist. An increasing body of evidence points to an involvement of the serotonergic system. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in the treatment of comorbid OCB, depression, and anxiety. Levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), the primary metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and tryptophan, respectively, have been found to be reduced not only in blood and CSF but also in different brain regions. In addition, neuroimaging studies demonstrated a significant reduction in serotonin transporter binding ratios in TS compared to controls. In addition, alterations in 5-HT 2A receptor binding and tryptophan metabolism have been demonstrated. Recent genetic studies suggested a pathogenetic role of polymorphic variation(s) of the novel 5-HT synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) in TS. In summary, several findings from clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging and genetic studies strongly support the etiological relevance of the serotonergic system in TS.

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Whole blood serotonin and tryptophan levels in Tourette's disorder: Effects of acute and chronic clonidine treatment

Cited by 30 publications

References 13 publications

Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?

Is Tourette's syndrome an autoimmune disease?

Mechanisms of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Neurotransmission in Tourette Syndrome: Clues from an In Vivo Neurochemistry Study with PET

The Pathophysiological Role of the Serotonergic System in Tourette Syndrome

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