Whole genome phylogenetic investigation of a West Nile virus strain isolated from a tick sampled from livestock in north eastern Kenya

Lwande, Olivia Wesula; Venter, M.A.H.; Lutomiah, Joel; Michuki, George; Rumberia, Cecilia; Gakuya, Francis; Obanda, Vincent; Tigoi, Caroline; Odhiambo, Collins; Nindo, Fredrick; Symekher, Samwel; Sang, Rosemary

doi:10.1186/preaccept-1310416131408627

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Although West Nile virus (WNV) is not endemic in China, it has been severally reported in the Xinjiang province [ 65 , 66 , 67 ]. In Kenya, there has been sporadic isolations of WNV in Culex univittatus from the Rift Valley [ 68 ], wild birds in the Tana River and Garissa Counties [ 69 ] and in ticks from north-eastern Kenya [ 70 ], We did not detect these important public health viruses from our mosquito viromes, which suggests that the sampled mosquitoes sourced blood meals from non-infected hosts. Perhaps a longer period of mosquito sampling is necessary to pick the virus especially if prevalence in the vertebrate hosts is low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China

Atoni

Wang

Karungu

et al. 2018

Viruses

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Many blood-feeding arthropods are known vectors of viruses that are a source of unprecedented global health concern. Mosquitoes are an integral part of these arthropod vectors. Advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics has expanded our knowledge on the richness of viruses harbored by arthropods. In the present study, we applied a metagenomic approach to determine the intercontinental virome diversity of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Kwale, Kenya and provinces of Hubei and Yunnan in China. Our results showed that viromes from the three locations were strikingly diverse and comprised 30 virus families specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and protozoa as well as unclassified group of viruses. Though sampled at different times, both Kwale and Hubei mosquito viromes were dominated by vertebrate viruses, in contrast to the Yunnan mosquito virome, which was dominated by insect-specific viruses. However, each virome was unique in terms of virus proportions partly influenced by type of ingested meals (blood, nectar, plant sap, environment substrates). The dominant vertebrate virus family in the Kwale virome was Papillomaviridae (57%) while in Hubei it was Herpesviridae (30%) and the Yunnan virome was dominated by an unclassified viruses group (27%). Given that insect-specific viruses occur naturally in their hosts, they should be the basis for defining the viromes. Hence, the dominant insect-specific viruses in Kwale, Hubei, and Yunnan were Baculoviridae, Nimaviridae and Iflaviridae, respectively. Our study is preliminary but contributes to growing and much needed knowledge, as mosquito viromes could be manipulated to prevent and control pathogenic arboviruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China

Atoni

Wang

Karungu

et al. 2018

Viruses

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“…Few cases in human have been spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, breast feeding and during pregnancy [ 62 ]. The ticks observed to be infected naturally include Ornithodoros maritimus, Argas hermanni and Hyalomma marginatum and the virus has also been isolated from other species of hard ticks in Africa, Europe and Asia [ 36 , 63 , 64 ]. Swallow bugs ( Oeciacus hirundinis ) have been implicated as vectors in Austria [ 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health

Kumar

Manuja

Gulati

et al. 2018

TOVJ

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Introduction:Zoonotic diseases are the infectious diseases that can be transmitted to human beings and vice versa from animals either directly or indirectly. These diseases can be caused by a range of organisms including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Viral diseases are highly infectious and capable of causing pandemics as evidenced by outbreaks of diseases like Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, West Nile, SARS-Corona, Nipah, Hendra, Avian influenza and Swine influenza.Expalantion:Many viruses affecting equines are also important human pathogens. Diseases like Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan-equine encephalitis (VEE) are highly infectious and can be disseminated as aerosols. A large number of horses and human cases of VEE with fatal encephalitis have continuously occurred in Venezuela and Colombia. Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is prevalent in horses in North America and has zoonotic potential causing encephalitis in children. Hendra virus (HeV) causes respiratory and neurological disease and death in man and horses. Since its first outbreak in 1994, 53 disease incidents have been reported in Australia. West Nile fever has spread to many newer territories across continents during recent years.It has been described in Africa, Europe, South Asia, Oceania and North America. Japanese encephalitis has expanded horizons from Asia to western Pacific region including the eastern Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and Australia. Rabies is rare in horses but still a public health concern being a fatal disease. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but many scientists have mixed opinions. Equine viral diseases of zoonotic importance and their impact on animal and human health have been elaborated in this article.Conclusion:Equine viral diseases though restricted to certain geographical areas have huge impact on equine and human health. Diseases like West Nile fever, Hendra, VS, VEE, EEE, JE, Rabies have the potential for spread and ability to cause disease in human. Equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans but some experimental and observational evidence show that H3N8 influenza virus has infected man. Despite our pursuit of understanding the complexity of the vector-host-pathogen mediating disease transmission, it is not possible to make generalized predictions concerning the degree of impact of disease emergence. A targeted, multidisciplinary effort is required to understand the risk factors for zoonosis and apply the interventions necessary to control it.

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“…While WNV has been isolated repeatedly from a multitude of both argasid and ixodid ticks (Lawrie et al 2004, Mumcuoglu et al 2005, Formosinho and Santos-Silva 2006, Moskvitina et al 2008, Lwande et al 2013, 2014), laboratory studies have yet to demonstrate ixodid ticks as competent vectors (Anderson et al 2003, Lawrie et al 2004, Reisen et al 2007). However, transmission by soft ticks, which are commonly associated with avian hosts, has been demonstrated (Abbassy et al 1993, Lawrie et al 2004, Kokonova et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of a Lineage II Powassan Virus (Deer Tick Virus) cDNA Clone: Assessment of Flaviviral Genetic Determinants of Tick and Mosquito Vector Competence

Kenney

Anishchenko

Hermance

et al. 2018

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The Flavivirus genus comprises a diverse group of viruses that utilize a wide range of vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. The genus includes viruses that are transmitted solely by mosquitoes or vertebrate hosts as well as viruses that alternate transmission between mosquitoes or ticks and vertebrates. Nevertheless, the viral genetic determinants that dictate these unique flaviviral host and vector specificities have been poorly characterized. In this report, a cDNA clone of a flavivirus that is transmitted between ticks and vertebrates (Powassan lineage II, deer tick virus [DTV]) was generated and chimeric viruses between the mosquito/vertebrate flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV), were constructed. These chimeric viruses expressed the prM and E genes of either WNV or DTV in the heterologous nonstructural (NS) backbone. Recombinant chimeric viruses rescued from cDNAs were characterized for their capacity to grow in vertebrate and arthropod (mosquito and tick) cells as well as for in vivo vector competence in mosquitoes and ticks. Results demonstrated that the NS elements were insufficient to impart the complete mosquito or tick growth phenotypes of parental viruses; however, these NS genetic elements did contribute to a 100- and 100,000-fold increase in viral growth in vitro in tick and mosquito cells, respectively. Mosquito competence was observed only with parental WNV, while infection and transmission potential by ticks were observed with both DTV and WNV-prME/DTV chimeric viruses. These data indicate that NS genetic elements play a significant, but not exclusive, role for vector usage of mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses.

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Whole genome phylogenetic investigation of a West Nile virus strain isolated from a tick sampled from livestock in north eastern Kenya

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China

Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China

Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health

Generation of a Lineage II Powassan Virus (Deer Tick Virus) cDNA Clone: Assessment of Flaviviral Genetic Determinants of Tick and Mosquito Vector Competence

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