Whole-Killed Blood-Stage Vaccine: Is It Worthwhile to Further Develop It to Control Malaria?

Cai, Jingjing; Chen, Suilin; Zhu, Feng; Xiao, Lü; Liu, Taiping; Xu, Wei

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.670775

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the sourcing of sporozoites that require mosquito colonies, and the need for aseptic cryopreserved delivery of sporozoites remains a major problem (34). On the other hand, because the in vitro culturing of the blood stage parasites is well-established and would allow easy vaccine manufacturing, efforts are currently ongoing to develop and evaluate genetically or chemically attenuated wholeparasite blood-stage vaccines (35,36).…”

Section: Current Status Of Malaria Vaccine Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era

Kanoi¹,

Maina²,

Likhovole³

et al. 2022

Front. Trop. Dis

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Africa bears the greatest burden of malaria with more than 200 million clinical cases and more than 600,000 deaths in 2020 alone. While malaria-associated deaths dropped steadily until 2015, the decline started to falter after 2016, highlighting the need for novel potent tools in the fight against malaria. Currently available tools, such as antimalarial drugs and insecticides are threatened by development of resistance by the parasite and the mosquito. The WHO has recently approved RTS,S as the first malaria vaccine for public health use. However, because the RTS,S vaccine has an efficacy of only 36% in young children, there is need for more efficacious vaccines. Indeed, based on the global goal of licensing a malaria vaccine with at least 75% efficacy by 2030, RTS,S is unlikely to be sufficient alone. However, recent years have seen tremendous progress in vaccine development. Although the COVID-19 pandemic impacted malaria control, the rapid progress in research towards the development of COVID-19 vaccines indicate that harnessing funds and technological advances can remarkably expedite vaccine development. In this review, we highlight and discuss current and prospective trends in global efforts to discover and develop malaria vaccines through leveraging mRNA vaccine platforms and other systems optimized during COVID-19 vaccine studies.

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Section: Current Status Of Malaria Vaccine Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era

Kanoi¹,

Maina²,

Likhovole³

et al. 2022

Front. Trop. Dis

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“…Indeed, unlike vaccines against the pre-erythrocytic stages, vaccines against the blood-stage aim at reducing the parasite load by preventing invasion of red blood cells or limiting parasite replication/growth after invasion, thus protecting against clinical malaria. So far, reported vaccine candidates that target the blood-stage inhibit the growth of the parasites largely by allele-specific antibodies ( 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium falciparum infection coinciding with the malaria vaccine candidate BK-SE36 administration interferes with the immune responses in Burkinabe children

et al. 2023

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BackgroundA vaccine targeting the erythrocyte stages of Plasmodium falciparum could play a role in preventing clinical disease. BK-SE36 is a promising malaria vaccine candidate that has shown a good safety profile and immunological responses during field evaluations. It was observed that repeated natural infections could result in immune tolerance against SE36 molecule.MethodsThe primary trial was conducted to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the BK-SE36 in two cohorts of children aged 25-60 months (Cohort 1) and 12-24 months (Cohort 2). Immunization was at full dose (1.0 mL) administered at 0, 1, and 6 months. Blood samples were collected before each vaccination for immunological assessments and detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection by microscopy. Blood samples were further collected one month post each vaccination to evaluate immunogenicity.ResultsOf seventy-two (72) subjects that have received BK-SE36 vaccination, 71 had available blood smears during vaccination days. One month post Dose 2, the geometric mean of SE36 antibodies was 263.2 (95% CI: 178.9-387.1) in uninfected individuals compared to 77.1 (95% CI: 47.3-125.7) in infected participants. The same trend was observed one-month post booster dose. Participants uninfected at the time of booster vaccination had significantly higher GMTs compared to those who were infected (424.1 (95% CI: 301.9-595.8) vs. 92.8 (95% CI: 34.9-246.6), p = 0.002. There was a 14.3 (95% CI: 9.7-21.1) and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.3-4.4) fold-change, respectively, in uninfected and infected participants between one-month post Dose 2 and booster. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001).ConclusionConcomitant infection by P. falciparum during BK-SE36 vaccine candidate administration is associated with reduced humoral responses. However, it is to be noted that the BK-SE36 primary trial was not designed to investigate the influence of concomitant infection on vaccine-induced immune response and should be interpreted cautiously.Trial registrationWHO ICTRP, PACTR201411000934120.

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“…The authors of the study proposed that this could be due to the presence of parasite antigens encased within a membrane, which would closely mimic natural infection [ 10 ]. However, a high dose of parasite per vaccine, typically equalling or exceeding the million parasite or parasite equivalents per vaccine dose [ 10 , 20 ], is required in whole-parasite inactivate vaccines. This low immunogenicity could be overcome using appropriate human-compatible strong adjuvants [ 10 , 20 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, a high dose of parasite per vaccine, typically equalling or exceeding the million parasite or parasite equivalents per vaccine dose [ 10 , 20 ], is required in whole-parasite inactivate vaccines. This low immunogenicity could be overcome using appropriate human-compatible strong adjuvants [ 10 , 20 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative and Complementary Approaches to Consider for Effective Babesia Vaccine Development

Maye,

Cabezas-Cruz

2023

Pathogens

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Whole-Killed Blood-Stage Vaccine: Is It Worthwhile to Further Develop It to Control Malaria?

Cited by 6 publications

References 101 publications

Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era

Malaria vaccine approaches leveraging technologies optimized in the COVID-19 era

Plasmodium falciparum infection coinciding with the malaria vaccine candidate BK-SE36 administration interferes with the immune responses in Burkinabe children

Alternative and Complementary Approaches to Consider for Effective Babesia Vaccine Development

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