Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in the Vegetative Buds, Floral Buds and Buds of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Abstract

Background Chrysanthemum morifolium is an important floral crop that is cultivated worldwide. However, due to a lack of genomic resources, very little information is available concerning the molecular mechanisms of flower development in chrysanthemum.ResultsThe transcriptomes of chrysanthemum vegetative buds, floral buds and buds were sequenced using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. A total of 15.4 Gb of reads were assembled into 91,367 unigenes with an average length of 739 bp. A total of 43,137 unigenes showed similarity to known proteins in the Swissprot or NCBI non-redundant protein databases. Additionally, 25,424, 24,321 and 13,704 unigenes were assigned to 56 gene ontology (GO) categories, 25 EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) categories, and 285 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, respectively. A total of 1,876 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1,516 up-regulated, 360 down-regulated) were identified between vegetative buds and floral buds, and 3,300 DEGs (1,277 up-regulated, 1,706 down-regulated) were identified between floral buds and buds. Many genes encoding important transcription factors (e.g., AP2, MYB, MYC, WRKY, NAC and CRT) as well as proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, protein kinase activity, plant hormone signal transduction, and the defense responses, among others, were considerably up-regulated in floral buds. Genes involved in the photoperiod pathway and flower organ determination were also identified. These genes represent important candidate genes for molecular cloning and functional analysis to study flowering regulation in chrysanthemum.ConclusionThis comparative transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in gene expression and signaling pathway components between the vegetative buds, floral buds and buds of Chrysanthemum morifolium. A wide range of genes was implicated in regulating the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. These results should aid researchers in the study of flower-time regulation, breeding and molecular biology in chrysanthemum.

HSAF-induced antifungal effects in Candida albicans through ROS-mediated apoptosis

“…2B), which were useful for gene annotation and analysis. 24 Two-group comparison showed differential expression of a number of transcripts. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant variation in many differentially expressed transcripts across comparisons.…”

“…24 Based on transcriptional sequencing and analysis, we first identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the untreated and treated cells with HSAF. Moreover, we identified important regulatory genes involved in the ROS pathway.…”

Transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes in the floral transition of the summer flowering chrysanthemum

“…An equivalent transcriptome acquisition program in C. morifolium realized around 91,000 unigenes sequences, of which only ~47 % could be assigned a putative functions [22], while in C. lavandulifolium , nearly 109,000 unigenes were assembled, about 53 % of which were annotated [28]. So far, the total number of Dendranthema spp.…”

Current status and prospects of chrysanthemum genomics

“…(floral buds)에서 전사체가 분석되었다 (Liu et al 2015). 그 결 과 floral buds와 vegetative buds 간에는 1,876개의 유전자가 De novo assembly of transcriptome was not conducted.…”

“…이러한 유전자는 전사조절인자, 탄수화물대사, protein kinases, 호르몬 신호전달, 방어기작 등에 관련이 있었다 (Liu et al 2015). 특히 국화에서 광주기성을 조절하는 CRY, PHY, LHY, EFL4, FKF1, TOC1, ZTL, GI, CO, FT 유전자 등과 꽃 발 달을 조절하는 ABC model에 해당하는 유전자들도 규명되 었다 (Liu et al 2015).…”