“…In addition, prior VR learning research shows that pre-training of background information can promote further knowledge gains (Petersen et al, 2020). Overall, instructional designers can implement a variety of methods to help learners activate and apply their prior knowledge and pursue more optimal cognitive and metacognitive strategies in interactive multimodal learning environments (McGuire, 2015; Moreno & Mayer, 2007) such as guided activities (e.g., Plass & Kaplan, 2016), problem solving (e.g., Hou & Li, 2014), self-explaining (e.g., Hsu et al, 2012), prompts for reflection (e.g., McConnel, 2018), explanatory feedback (e.g., Johnson et al, 2017), pace control (e.g., Biard et al, 2018), and pre-training (e.g., Petersen et al, 2020; Pineda, 2015).…”