Why blood group A individuals are at risk whereas blood group O individuals are protected from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection: A hypothesis regarding how the virus invades the human body via ABO(H) blood group-determining carbohydrates

Arend, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152027

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Concerning infectious diseases, the O group could have special protection derived from anti-A/anti-B actions of humoral innate immunity [ 57 , 58 ]. In addition, the O group had some physiological advantages such as endurance running, compared with non-O-groups [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Domènech-Montoliu¹,

Puig-Barberà

Pac-Sa³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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After a COVID-19 outbreak in the Falles festival of Borriana (Spain) during March 2020, a cohort of patients were followed until October 2020 to estimate complications post-COVID-19, considering ABO blood groups (ABO). From 536 laboratory-confirmed cases, 483 completed the study (90.1%) carried by the Public Health Center of Castelló and the Emergency and Microbiology and Clinical Analysis of Hospital de la Plana Vila-real. The study included ABO determination and telephone interviews of patients. The participants had a mean age of 37.2 ± 17.1 years, 300 females (62.1%). ABO were O (41.4%), A (45.5%), B (9.1%), and AB (3.9%). We found no difference in the incidence of COVID-19 infections. A total of 159 (32.9%) patients reported one or more post-COVID-19 complications with divergent incidences after adjustment: O (32.3%), A (32.6%), B (54.1%), and AB (27.6%); B groups had more complications post-COVID-19 when compared with O group (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68, 95% CI 1.24–2.27), and symptoms of fatigue (1.79, 95% CI 1.08–2.95), myalgia (2.06, 95% CI 1.10–3.84), headache (2.61, 95% CI 1.58–4.31), and disorder of vision (4.26 95% CI 1.33–13.60). In conclusion, we observed significant differences in post-COVID-19 complications by ABO, with a higher incidence in B group. Additional research is justified to confirm our results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABO Blood Groups and the Incidence of Complications in COVID-19 Patients: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Domènech-Montoliu¹,

Puig-Barberà

Pac-Sa³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The association between blood groups and susceptibility to some viral infections has been well established [ 6–11 ]. The blood group antigens are cell-surface glycoproteins present principally on erythrocytes that may affect infectious diseases [ 12 ]. During the current pandemic, several studies have investigated the association of blood groups and COVID-19 [ 13–18 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Association Between Blood Groups and COVID-19 Outcome in Iranian Patients

et al. 2021

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Aim: Many factors have been speculated to explain the COVID-19 complex clinical phenotype. Due to the inconsistent data published on blood groups and COVID-19, we conducted a study on Iranian patients to further assess this association. Materials & methods: This retrospective study was conducted on data collected from confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients during March and December 2020 in a referral hospital for COVID-19, 5 Azar Hospital, Gorgan, north of Iran. A total of 1554 confirmed COVID-19 cases were enrolled in the study with blood group (ABO and Rh), demographic, and clinical data available. Results: Of 1554 patients, 1267 and 287 cases had recovered and deceased (due to COVID-19) outcomes, respectively. Most of the cases had O+ (29.6%), the least number had AB- (0.5%), and most of the deceased cases had O+ blood types (31.4%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that groups A- and B- had higher and groups B+, AB+, O+ and O- had lower odds of death than the A+ group. Conclusion: This study indicates that blood types may be related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Further studies with a large cohort for multiple people are required to validate this association.

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“…The IgM downregulation leads also to downstream anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin activity, hallmarks of innate immune activity. [116] HLA system Specific HLA genotypes can stimulate the T cell-mediated anti-viral response differently, possibly altering the symptomatology and transmission of the disease. [117] , [118] Haplogroup R The involvement of androgens as well as Y linked genes together with the observation of statistical significant regional covariation between COVID-19 and haplogroup R1b, collectively point to a possible role of Y chromosome in COVID-19 severity.…”

Section: Associated Genetic Polymorphisms ( Table 3 )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects with blood group type O have a downregulated IgM activity due to glycosylation and only bind the virus via hybrid H-type antigen formation. The IgM downregulation leads also to downstream anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin activity, hallmarks of innate immune activity [116] . Finally, the apparent protective effect of blood group O may be a consequence of lower ABO protein concentration, although the exact underlying mechanism has not yet been unraveled [136] .…”

Section: Associated Genetic Polymorphisms ( Table 3 )mentioning

confidence: 99%