Why democratic police reform mostly fails and sometimes succeeds: police reform and low state capacity, authoritarianism and neo-patrimonial politics (in the former Soviet Union)

Government revenue composition and forest loss: A cross‐national study of low‐ and middle‐income nations

“…We offer three possible reasons. They include governments that derive revenues from relatively broad‐based taxes being more likely to invest money in conservation (Cevik 2018), implement measures to address corruption (O'Shea 2023), and support capital investments that discourage other actors from engaging in short‐term, consumptive practices (Evans and Rauch 1999).…”

“…Second, governments with revenues derived from relatively broad‐based taxes on individuals and companies are likely to take steps to limit corruption (Baskaran and Bigsten 2013). This happens because citizens demand accountability and transparency from their government in return for the taxes they pay (O'Shea 2023). In the forestry sector, the government could put a traceability system into place to limit illegal logging, smuggling, and processing of timber (Sommer 2018).…”

The Protection of Human Rights Defenders in the National Policy of Police Reforms in Indonesia

“…The shift in national policy of the Polri organization is influenced by the dynamics of national leadership, which has implications for the various policies that emerge. Wik Djatmika said the Polri in [1959][1960][1961][1962][1963][1964][1965][1966][1967][1968][1969] The Polri institution is aware that the authoritarian regime has given birth to authoritarian Police who face legal responsibility in human rights courts (International Crisis Group, 2001;O'Shea, 2023). On the other hand, if the country is truly democratic, the Police must reflect democratic values in carrying out their duties (Mullick & Musrat, 2016, p. 132).…”