Why Do Antibiotics Exist?

Spagnolo, Fabrizio; Trujillo, Mónica; Dennehy, John J.

doi:10.1128/mbio.01966-21

Cited by 43 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…The present study revealed that the physiological concentration of diaphorin, a polyketide synthesized by an obligate symbiont of psyllids, inhibits the growth of B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria) but promotes the growth of E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). As exemplified by some antibiotics, certain secondary metabolites have inhibitory effects only on Gram-positive bacteria that lack the outer membrane, an effective barrier that protects Gram-negative bacteria from toxic compounds (2, 4). However, it is unique that a single molecule clearly exhibits opposite effects on distinct bacterial lineages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria) but promotes the growth of E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). As exemplified by some antibiotics, certain secondary metabolites have inhibitory effects only on Gram-positive bacteria that lack the outer membrane, an effective barrier that protects Gram-negative bacteria from toxic compounds (2,4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microorganisms produce diverse secondary metabolites that mediate competition, communication, and other interactions with surrounding organisms and the environment (1)(2)(3)(4). Such molecules have various biological activities, some of which facilitate symbiosis between microorganisms and animal hosts (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diaphorin, a polyketide produced by a bacterial symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis but promotes the growth of Escherichia coli

Tanabe

Takasu

Hirose

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Diaphorin is a polyketide produced by Candidatus Profftella armatura (Gammaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales), an obligate symbiont of a notorious agricultural pest, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Diaphorin belongs to the pederin family of bioactive agents found in various host-symbiont systems, including beetles, lichens, and sponges, harboring phylogenetically diverse bacterial producers. Previous studies showed that diaphorin has inhibitory effects on various eukaryotes, including the natural enemies of D. citri. However, little is known about its effects on prokaryotic organisms. To address this issue, the present study assessed the biological activities of diaphorin on two model prokaryotes, Escherichia coli (Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacterales) and Bacillus subtilis (Firmicutes: Bacilli). The analyses revealed that diaphorin inhibits the growth of B. subtilis but moderately promotes the growth of E. coli. This finding implies that diaphorin functions as a defensive agent of the holobiont (host + symbionts) against some bacterial lineages but is beneficial for others, which potentially include obligate symbionts of D. citri.ImportanceCertain secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, evolve to mediate interactions among organisms. These molecules have distinct spectra for microorganisms and are often more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative ones. However, it is rare that a single molecule has completely opposite activities on distinct bacterial lineages. The present study revealed that a secondary metabolite synthesized by an organelle-like bacterial symbiont of psyllids inhibits the growth of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis but promotes the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli. This finding not only provides insights into the evolution of symbiosis between animal hosts and bacteria but may also potentially be exploited to promote the effectiveness of industrial material production by microorganisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diaphorin, a polyketide produced by a bacterial symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis but promotes the growth of Escherichia coli

Tanabe

Takasu

Hirose

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Our modelling tools and understanding of biology have improved since Bonhoeffer’s publication. The significant impact of phenomena such as bystander selection [ 61 ] are better understood, and there has been a more recent push toward integrating both within host and between host models [ 62 ]. Similarly, in the area of clinical policy, diagnostic-informed strategies such as the ‘search and destroy’ ABR policy implemented in the Netherlands [ 48 , 49 , 60 ] have been mentioned only briefly in this article.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing optimization criteria in antibiotic allocation protocols

2022

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Clinicians prescribing antibiotics in a hospital context follow one of several possible ‘treatment protocols’—heuristic rules designed to balance the immediate needs of patients against the long-term threat posed by the evolution of antibiotic resistance and multi-resistant bacteria. Several criteria have been proposed for assessing these protocols; unfortunately, these criteria frequently conflict with one another, each providing a different recommendation as to which treatment protocol is best. Here, we review and compare these optimization criteria. We are able to demonstrate that criteria focused primarily on slowing evolution of resistance are directly antagonistic to patient health both in the short and long term. We provide a new optimization criteria of our own, intended to more meaningfully balance the needs of the future and present. Asymptotic methods allow us to evaluate this criteria and provide insights not readily available through the numerical methods used previously in the literature. When cycling antibiotics, we find an antibiotic switching time which proves close to optimal across a wide range of modelling assumptions.

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“…Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin (P) in 1928 when noticed that the fungus Penicillium notatum inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus. Gerhard Domagk, in 1935, demonstrated that Prontosil (the first sulphonamide drug) was effective against Streptococcus infections and puerperal fever [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Antibiotics as Waste, Physical, Chemical, and Enzymatical Degradation: Use of Laccases

et al. 2022

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The first traces of Tetracycline (TE) were detected in human skeletons from Sudan and Egypt, finding that it may be related to the diet of the time, the use of some dyes, and the use of soils loaded with microorganisms, such as Streptomyces spp., among other microorganisms capable of producing antibiotics. However, most people only recognise authors dating between 1904 and 1940, such as Ehrlich, Domagk, and Fleming. Antibiotics are the therapeutic option for countless infections treatment; unfortunately, they are the second most common group of drugs in wastewaters worldwide due to failures in industrial waste treatments (pharmaceutics, hospitals, senior residences) and their irrational use in humans and animals. The main antibiotics problem lies in delivered and non-prescribed human use, use in livestock as growth promoters, and crop cultivation as biocides (regulated activities that have not complied in some places). This practice has led to the toxicity of the environment as antibiotics generate eutrophication, water pollution, nutrient imbalance, and press antibiotic resistance. In addition, the removal of antibiotics is not a required process in global wastewater treatment standards. This review aims to raise awareness of the negative impact of antibiotics as residues and physical, chemical, and biological treatments for their degradation. We discuss the high cost of physical and chemical treatments, the risk of using chemicals that worsen the situation, and the fact that each antibiotic class can be transformed differently with each of these treatments and generate new compounds that could be more toxic than the original ones; also, we discuss the use of enzymes for antibiotic degradation, with emphasis on laccases.

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Why Do Antibiotics Exist?

Abstract: In the struggle with antibiotic resistance, we are losing. There is now a serious threat of moving into a postantibiotic world.

Cited by 43 publications

References 106 publications

Diaphorin, a polyketide produced by a bacterial symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis but promotes the growth of Escherichia coli

Diaphorin, a polyketide produced by a bacterial symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis but promotes the growth of Escherichia coli

Comparing optimization criteria in antibiotic allocation protocols

Impact of Antibiotics as Waste, Physical, Chemical, and Enzymatical Degradation: Use of Laccases

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