Why do children seem to be more protected against COVID-19? A hypothesis

Sposato, Bruno; Scalese, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110151

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These age-dependent differences in disease expression and severity have clear implications for healthcare professionals who deal with the pediatric population because children remain at risk for incurring and spreading the virus, yet many remain asymptomatic. Several hypotheses have been posited as to why children are less affected by COVID-19, including age-related differences in immune responses [16], a neutralizing antibody response due to prior exposure to coronaviruses [17], lower prevalence of co-morbidities in children, and age-specific differences in SARS-CoV-2 receptor function [18], neurovirulence, intrinsic biological protective mechanisms, and other host factors [19]. None of these hypotheses is supported compellingly by extant data at present.…”

Section: Covid-19 In Neonates and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children

Stafstrom

Jantzie

2020

Children

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The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing. As discussed in this review, pediatric neurologists and other pediatric specialists should be alert to potential neurological involvement by this virus, which might have neuroinvasive capability and carry long-term neuropsychiatric and medical consequences.

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Section: Covid-19 In Neonates and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children

Stafstrom

Jantzie

2020

Children

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“…Furthermore, there are significantly fewer pediatric patients with COVID‐19, compared with adult patients 15,16 . This is presumably because children have had fewer environmental exposures to SARS‐CoV‐2 12,17 . However, pediatric patients may not undergo laboratory tests because they exhibit few or no symptoms, thus, there are relatively few laboratory confirmed cases 2,12,18‐20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, pediatric patients may not undergo laboratory tests because they exhibit few or no symptoms, thus, there are relatively few laboratory confirmed cases 2,12,18‐20 . Some epidemiological studies have indicated out that SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptibility and spread characteristics are less robust in children than in adults 17,21,22 . To the best of our knowledge, there have been few evidence‐based reports concerning pediatric susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections among children visiting a hospital

Wang

Cao

et al. 2020

Pediatric Investigation

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Importance In this study, we retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) antibodies within serum samples from children in Beijing, China. These findings provide preliminary guidance regarding population susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2, which will aid in establishing policy toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) prevention and control. Objective To understand the seropositivity of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibodies among children in Beijing, China, evaluate the susceptibility of children in Beijing to SARS‐CoV‐2, and provide prima facie evidence to guide SARS‐CoV‐2 prevention and control. Methods IgM/IgG antibody kits (colloidal gold) were used to conduct preliminary screening of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibodies in serum samples of children who presented to Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, having fever or requiring hospitalization, from March 2020 to August 2020. Statistical analysis of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody seropositivity was performed according to the children’s general demographic characteristics, timing of admission to hospital, presence of pneumonia, and viral nucleic acid test results. Results The study included 19 797 children with both IgM and IgG antibody results. Twenty‐four children had anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM‐positive results (positive rate of 1.2‰), twelve children had anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG‐positive results (positive rate of 0.6‰). Viral nucleic acid test results were negative for the above‐mentioned children with positive antibody findings; during the study, two children exhibited positive viral nucleic acid test results, but their anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibody results were negative. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM antibody seropositivity was higher in the <1‐year‐old group than in the ≥6‐year‐old group. The rates of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM seropositivity was highest in August from March to August; IgG results did not significantly differ over time. The rates of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG seropositivity among children with and without suspected pneumonia did not significantly differ between groups. Interpretation During the study period, the rates of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibody seropositivity were low among children who presented to Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University. The findings suggest that children in Beijing are generally susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection; COVID‐19 prevention and control measures should be strengthened to prevent disease in children.

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“…Кроме того, ожидаемый внутриклеточный ответ, индуцированный ACE2, в альвеолярных эпителиальных клетках детей ниже, чем у взрослых. В соответствии с этим становятся понятны причины более высокой чувствительности к SARS-CoV-2 у детей верхних дыхательных путей, чем нижних [1,14].…”

Section: особенности патофизиологии Covid-19 у детейunclassified

Immunological aspects of COVID-19 in children

Volkov,

Ruzhentsova

2024

APPS

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The authors present a review of the literature on the peculiarities of immunity in children, which may explain the differences in the symptoms of COVID-19 in childhood. In children, COVID-19 tends to occur more easily than in adults. However, as in the years of the pandemic, and in the post-pandemic period, there were quite a few cases of complicated course with the need for hospitalization, and sometimes with fatal outcomes. Infants under the age of 1 year account for the highest percentage of hospitalizations among children. Currently, the analysis of the results of comparing the clinical manifestations of the disease and laboratory data is continuing. Basically, the features of COVID-19 in children are explained by the immaturity of the immune system and the atrial fibrillation of the respiratory tract. It is known that in childhood there are fewer angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 receptors (ACE 2, ACE 2), with which the coronavirus enters the human body. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 in children is often accompanied by gastrointestinal manifestations. A small percentage of sick children may develop an intense inflammatory reaction called “multisystem inflammatory syndrome”, also known as MIS-C. In this condition, high titers of antibodies to RBD SARS-CoV-2 and autoantibodies to free interleukin (IL) -1Ra are detected. These data should be taken into account when clarifying the prevention and treatment regimens aimed at preventing complications in the pediatric population.

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Why do children seem to be more protected against COVID-19? A hypothesis

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children

COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children

Seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections among children visiting a hospital

Immunological aspects of COVID-19 in children

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