Why do companies fortify? Drivers of compliance with edible oil fortification in Bangladesh

Mbuya, Mduduzi N N; Thorpe, Jodie; Carpio, Abigail; Islam, Ainee; Saha, Amrita; Balagamwala, Mysbah; Sultana, Sabiha; Rubaiyath, Sarwar; Ebata, Ayako

doi:10.36072/wp.8

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strategies to improve compliance could include investment in improved government regulatory monitoring, 35 subsidies to producers for internal product quality control and reporting, and improved fortified product labeling to improve the feasibility of spot-checks throughout the food value chain. 36 Rural populations of the lowest SEP do not consume enough oil and sugar to sufficiently benefit from industrial fortification, suggesting that the current fortification interventions alone are not sufficient to meet the vitamin A requirements for the entire population of Malawi. These findings suggest that to alleviate vitamin A inadequacies successfully and sustainably, additional micronutrient interventions are required that target these hard-to-reach populations who have the highest prevalence of vitamin A inadequacy.…”

Section: Oil and Sugar Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling food fortification contributions to micronutrient requirements in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys

Tang

Adams

Ferguson

et al. 2021

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Large-scale food fortification may be a cost-effective intervention to increase micronutrient supplies in the food system when implemented under appropriate conditions, yet it is unclear if current strategies can equitably benefit populations with the greatest micronutrient needs. This study developed a mathematical modeling framework for comparing fortification scenarios across different contexts. It was applied to model the potential contributions of three fortification vehicles (oil, sugar, and wheat flour) toward meeting dietary micronutrient requirements in Malawi through secondary data analyses of a Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey. We estimated fortification vehicle coverage, micronutrient density of the diet, and apparent intake of nonpregnant, nonlactating women for nine different micronutrients, under three food fortification scenarios and stratified by subpopulations across seasons. Oil and sugar had high coverage and apparent consumption that, when combined, were predicted to improve the vitamin A adequacy of the diet. Wheat flour contributed little to estimated dietary micronutrient supplies due to low apparent consumption. Potential contributions of all fortification vehicles were low in rural populations of the lowest socioeconomic position. While the model predicted large-scale food fortification would contribute to reducing vitamin A inadequacies, other interventions are necessary to meet other micronutrient requirements, especially for the rural poor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oil and Sugar Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling food fortification contributions to micronutrient requirements in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys

Tang

Adams

Ferguson

et al. 2021

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…How this (incentivizing businesses to fortify) can be best done is an area of further inquiry. To further elucidate the issues, we subsequently undertook value chain analyses of the reasons why companies do or do not fortify [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin A Fortification Quality Is High for Packaged and Branded Edible Oil but Low for Oil Sold in Unbranded, Loose Form: Findings from a Market Assessment in Bangladesh

et al. 2021

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Although mandatory fortification of oil with vitamin A is efficacious, its effectiveness can be compromised by suboptimal compliance to standards. In this study, we assessed (1) the availability of oil brands across the eight divisions of Bangladesh, (2) fortification quality (the extent to which vitamin A content is aligned with fortification standards) of oil brands and producers and (3) the market volume represented by available edible oil types. We visited different retail outlets in rural and urban market hubs to ascertain available oil brands and bulk oil types and collected samples. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify average vitamin A content and compared them to the national oil fortification standards. Among the 66 packaged brands analyzed, 26 (39%) were not fortified, and 40 (61%) were fortified, with 28 (42%) fortified above the standard vitamin A minimum. Among the 41 bulk oil type composites analyzed, 24 (59%) were not fortified, and 17 (41%) were fortified, with 14 (34%) fortified below and 3 (7%) fortified above the standard minimum. Vitamin A fortification is high for packaged and branded edible oil but low for oil sold in unbranded, loose form. As bulk oil makes up a large proportion of the oil market volume, this means the majority of the oil volume available to the population is either not (25%) or fortified below the standard requirement (39%). Regulatory inspections of producers selling bulk oil should be prioritized to support and incentivize the industry to make all oil traceable and fortified to standard.

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“…The legislation stipulates the categories of foods included in the fortification programme, the level or range of nutrient to be added by industry, the agency responsible for regulation and enforcement of the legislation, and the penalties for non-compliance. As such, fortification programmes often include support for government capacity to monitor and enforce, industry incentives to comply, and consumer engagement to identify and select fortified brands (56,57).…”

Section: Overview Of Fortification and Biofortification Interventions...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transforming food systems to deliver nutritious foods: the vital roles of fortification and biofortification

Mkambula¹,

Birol²,

Friesen³

et al. 2022

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The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) is a Swiss-based foundation launched at the UN in 2002 to tackle the human suffering caused by malnutrition. Working with governments, businesses and civil society, we aim to transform food systems so that they deliver more nutritious food for all people, especially the most vulnerable. ABOUT HARVESTPLUSHarvestPlus is a CGIAR research programme which aims to improve nutrition and public health by developing and promoting biofortified food crops that are enriched with nutrients. Founded in 2003 and hosted by the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, DC, HarvestPlus provides global leadership on biofortification evidence, technology, and policy.

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Why do companies fortify? Drivers of compliance with edible oil fortification in Bangladesh

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Modeling food fortification contributions to micronutrient requirements in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys

Modeling food fortification contributions to micronutrient requirements in Malawi using Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys

Vitamin A Fortification Quality Is High for Packaged and Branded Edible Oil but Low for Oil Sold in Unbranded, Loose Form: Findings from a Market Assessment in Bangladesh

Transforming food systems to deliver nutritious foods: the vital roles of fortification and biofortification

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