Why Do Only Some Hyperopes Become Strabismic?

Babinsky, Erin; Candy, T. Rowan

doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10670

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 202 publications

(357 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is unknown why some children are able to maintain good visual function in the presence of moderate hyperopia while others are not; these results support prior findings that children with hyperopia of 4D or more are more likely to have reduced visual function. 34 While methodological differences such as age of subjects, tests used and/or definition of hyperopia prevent direct comparison, these results support previous findings of an association between hyperopia and reduced reading ability in preschool 18 and school-aged children. [4][5][6][7][13][14][15][16][17] Simons and Gassler performed a meta-analysis of 34 studies and concluded that hyperopia in school children was associated with below-average reading ability due to the required extra accommodative effort producing eyestrain, intermittent blurring of letters, headaches, and fatigue.…”

Section: Author Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 83%

Uncorrected hyperopia and preschool early literacy: results of the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia In Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study

Ying¹,

Quinn²

2016

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Author Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 83%

Uncorrected hyperopia and preschool early literacy: results of the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia In Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study

Ying¹,

Quinn²

2016

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncorrected Hyperopia and Preschool Early Literacy

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose To compare early literacy of 4- and 5-year-old uncorrected hyperopic children with that of emmetropic children. Design Cross-sectional. Subjects Children attending preschool or kindergarten who had not previously worn refractive correction. Methods Cycloplegic refraction was used to identify hyperopia (≥3.0D to ≤6.0D in most hyperopic meridian of at least one eye, astigmatism≤1.5D, anisometropia≤1.0D) or emmetropia (hyperopia ≤1.0D; astigmatism, anisometropia, and myopia<1.0D). Threshold visual acuity and cover testing ruled out amblyopia or strabismus. Accommodative response, binocular near visual acuity (VA), and near stereoacuity were measured. Main Outcome Measures Trained examiners administered the Test of Preschool Early Literacy (TOPEL), composed of Print Knowledge, Definitional Vocabulary, and Phonological Awareness subtests. Results Four hundred ninety-two children (244 hyperopes and 248 emmetropes) participated (mean age 58 months; mean±SD of the most hyperopic meridian +3.78D±0.81 in hyperopes and +0.51D±0.48 in emmetropes). After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and parent/caregiver’s education, the mean difference between hyperopes and emmetropes was −4.3 (p=0.01) for TOPEL overall, −2.4 (p=0.007) for Print Knowledge, −1.6 (p=0.07) for Definitional Vocabulary, and −0.3 (p=0.39) for Phonological Awareness. Greater deficits in TOPEL scores were observed in hyperopic children with ≥4.0D than emmetropes (−6.8, p=0.01 for total score; −4.0, p=0.003 for print knowledge). The largest deficits in TOPEL scores were observed in hyperopic children with binocular near VA of 20/40 or worse (−8.5, p=0.002 for total score; −4.5, p=0.001 for Print Knowledge; −3.1, p=0.04 for Definitional Vocabulary) or near stereoacuity of 240 seconds of arc or worse (−8.6, p<0.001 for total score; −5.3, p<0.001 for Print Knowledge) as compared to emmetropic children. Conclusions Uncorrected hyperopia ≥ 4.0D or hyperopia ≥3.0 to ≤6.0D associated with reduced binocular near VA (20/40 or worse) or reduced near stereoacuity (240 seconds of arc or worse) in 4- to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschool or kindergarten is associated with significantly worse performance on a test of early literacy.

show abstract

“…This additional factor may help explain why only approximately 20% of children with higher hyperopia develop refractive esotropia while the other 80% remain binocularly aligned. 47 – 50 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vergence Adaptation to Short-Duration Stimuli in Early Childhood

Babinsky

Sreenivasan

Candy

2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeTo investigate whether nonstrabismic typically developing young children are capable of exhibiting vergence adaptation.MethodsFifteen adults (19.5–35.8 years) and 34 children (2.5–7.3 years) provided usable data. None wore habitual refractive correction. Eye position and accommodation were recorded using Purkinje image eye tracking and eccentric photorefraction (MCS PowerRefractor). Vergence was measured in three conditions while the participant viewed naturalistic targets at 33 cm. Viewing was monocular for at least 60 seconds and then binocular for either 5 seconds (5-second condition), 60 seconds (60-second), or 60 seconds through a 10-pd base-out prism (prism 60-second). The right eye was then occluded again for 60 seconds and an exponential function was fit to these data to assess the impact of adaptation on alignment.ResultsThe 63% time constant was significantly longer for the prism 60-second condition (mean = 11.5 seconds) compared to both the 5-second (5.3 seconds; P = 0.015) and the 60-second conditions (7.1 seconds; P = 0.035), with no significant difference between children and adults (P > 0.4). Correlations between the 63% time constant (prism 60-second condition) and age, refractive error, interpupillary distance (IPD), or baseline heterophoria were not significant (P > 0.4). The final stable monocular alignment, measured after binocular viewing, was similar to the baseline initial alignment across all conditions and ages.ConclusionsFor a limited-duration near task, 2- to 7-year-old children showed comparable levels of vergence adaptation to adults. In a typically developing visual system, where IPD and refractive error are maturing, this adaptation could help maintain eye alignment.

show abstract

Why Do Only Some Hyperopes Become Strabismic?

Cited by 31 publications

References 202 publications

Uncorrected hyperopia and preschool early literacy: results of the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia In Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study

Uncorrected hyperopia and preschool early literacy: results of the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia In Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study

Uncorrected Hyperopia and Preschool Early Literacy

Vergence Adaptation to Short-Duration Stimuli in Early Childhood

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About