Why Do Water and Sanitation Systems for the Poor Still Fail? Policy Analysis in Economically Advanced Developing Countries

Starkl, Markus; Brunner, Norbert; Stenström, Thor-Axel

doi:10.1021/es3048416

Cited by 80 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Storage of faeces for a number of months (depending on temperature) and drying faeces for several days at temperatures >50 • C are also hygienic options (Winker et al, 2009;Haq and Cambridge, 2012). For the successful hygienic operation of redesigned sanitation systems, hygienic behaviour of users and much attention to operation and maintenance are required (Karak and Bhattacharyya, 2011;Starkl et al, 2013).…”

Section: Recycling Of P In Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus resources, their depletion and conservation, a review

Reijnders

2014

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

291

114

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Section: Recycling Of P In Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus resources, their depletion and conservation, a review

Reijnders

2014

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

291

114

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“…8 (Here the context is the larger sanitation system.) Thus, application of compost in agriculture could cause hygienic risks even after additional composting (systems D and K; Table 4).…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In developing countries for such reasons also "supposedly successful systems on close inspection turned out to fail". 8 This paper therefore asks how to make innovative toilets successful. A major problem is the diversity of technologies, which makes them difficult to compare, whence the reasons for success and failure do not easily generalize.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensuring Sustainability of Non-Networked Sanitation Technologies: An Approach to Standardization

Starkl¹,

Brunner

Feil

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Non-networked sanitation technologies use no sewer, water or electricity lines. Based on a review of 45 commercially distributed technologies, 12 (representing three concepts) were selected for a detailed audit. They were located in six countries of Africa and Asia. The safety of users was generally assured and the costs per use were not excessive, whereas costs were fully transparent for only one technology surveyed. A main drawback was insufficient quality of the byproducts from on-site treatment, making recycling in agriculture a hygienic and environmental risk. Further, no technology was sufficiently mature (requiring e.g. to shift wastes by hand). In order to promote further development and give producers of mature products a competitive advantage, the paper proposes a certification of technologies to confirm the fulfillment of basic requirements to make them attractive for future users.

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“…Even more ominously, there is a failure of many systems introduced in the past 20 years (Austin, 2003;DWA, 2012;Montgomery et al, 2009;Starkl et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple criteria decision analysis for sanitation selection in South African municipalities

Salisbury

Brouckaert

Still³

et al. 2018

WSA

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A multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was developed for the selection of sanitation systems. This decision support system was aimed at assisting municipal engineers to design and implement sustainable solutions to meet a municipality's obligation to provide free basic sanitation (FBS). Multi-attribute value theory (MAVT) was selected as the method most suited to the problem under consideration. Criteria which determine the sustainability of sanitation were selected from the literature and a spreadsheet-based MCDA with stakeholder and expert user interfaces was developed. Stakeholders determine the weighting of each indicator and expert users determine the values to be entered for the alternatives against each indicator. The partial values are aggregated using a weighted sum function. Research carried out into the implementation of FBS by the eThekwini Municipality that includes the city of Durban was analysed. This informed the allocation of indicator values to the sanitation alternatives under consideration: ventilated improved pit latrines (VIPs) and urine diversion dehydrating toilets (UDDTs). An innovative scenario analysis method was used to determine the effect of different weightings and/or values, representing changes in stakeholder involvement, resource recovery and political support for ecological sanitation. The MCDA was found to provide a guiding framework for municipal engineers in their efforts to implement sustainable sanitation. The process of deriving values for the MCDA is likely to prove even more useful than the overall value scores of the options under consideration.

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Why Do Water and Sanitation Systems for the Poor Still Fail? Policy Analysis in Economically Advanced Developing Countries

Cited by 80 publications

References 33 publications

Phosphorus resources, their depletion and conservation, a review

Phosphorus resources, their depletion and conservation, a review

Ensuring Sustainability of Non-Networked Sanitation Technologies: An Approach to Standardization

Multiple criteria decision analysis for sanitation selection in South African municipalities

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