Why do we need to use a zero reference? Reference influences on the <scp>ERPs</scp> of audiovisual effects

Tian, Yin; Yao, Dezhong

doi:10.1111/psyp.12130

Cited by 55 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We applied AR, LM, RESTs, and RESTr references to the ERP analysis within a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study and compared the reference effects on task-related ERP results which is a concern in cognitive neuroscience research and was confirmed to be affected by the reference choice (Kayser et al, 2007; Tian and Yao, 2013). ERP cortical source estimates were used as the golden standard in this comparison.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To determine the reference that best identifies neural activity and therefore be the basis of improved estimates of ERP features in the present EEG-fMRI recordings, we compared the reference effects of AR, LM, REST with the sphere head model (RESTs), and REST with the realistic head model (RESTr) on the task-related ERP effects and its distribution (e.g., discrimination-related posterior N1, VWM load-related parietal P300, and so on), which is the most concern in cognitive neuroscience research and was confirmed to be affected by the reference choice (Kayser et al, 2007; Tian and Yao, 2013). We hypothesized the change of reference methods would alter the task-related ERP effect itself (measured by statistical significance) and especially its scalp distribution (measured by SPSM).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies investigated the effects of different references on simulated or real EEG/ERP data, showing that the voltage of the scalp potentials, power spectra, EEG coherence, connectivity configuration, DMN configuration, and even the polarity of some electrodes were changed by the adopted reference methods (Joyce and Rossion, 2005; Marzetti et al, 2007; Yao et al, 2007; Qin et al, 2010). Moreover, the statistical parametric scalp mapping (SPSM), which is the scalp distribution of the significant statistical difference between two conditions, varied depending on the adopted references (Tian and Yao, 2013). Therefore, the choice of different references might cause data misinterpretation within the same experiment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Average, Linked Mastoid, and REST References for ERP Components Acquired during fMRI

et al. 2017

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In simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, average reference (AR), and digitally linked mastoid (LM) are popular re-referencing techniques in event-related potential (ERP) analyses. However, they may introduce their own physiological signals and alter the EEG/ERP outcome. A reference electrode standardization technique (REST) that calculated a reference point at infinity was proposed to solve this problem. To confirm the advantage of REST in ERP analyses of synchronous EEG-fMRI studies, we compared the reference effect of AR, LM, and REST on task-related ERP results of a working memory task during an fMRI scan. As we hypothesized, we found that the adopted reference did not change the topography map of ERP components (N1 and P300 in the present study), but it did alter the task-related effect on ERP components. LM decreased or eliminated the visual working memory (VWM) load effect on P300, and the AR distorted the distribution of VWM location-related effect at left posterior electrodes as shown in the statistical parametric scalp mapping (SPSM) of N1. ERP cortical source estimates, which are independent of the EEG reference choice, were used as the golden standard to infer the relative utility of different references on the ERP task-related effect. By comparison, REST reference provided a more integrated and reasonable result. These results were further confirmed by the results of fMRI activations and a corresponding EEG-only study. Thus, we recommend the REST, especially with a realistic head model, as the optimal reference method for ERP data analysis in simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Average, Linked Mastoid, and REST References for ERP Components Acquired during fMRI

et al. 2017

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“…EEG and EOG signals were sampled at 1000 Hz, with a 0.1–100 Hz bandpass filter using a NuAmps digital amplifier system (Neuroscan Labs, El Paso, TX, USA). The tip of the nose was used as a reference during recording, and determination of the approximate zero reference using the reference electrode standardization technique (REST 2 ) was conducted off-line (Yao, 2001; Tian and Yao, 2013). Electrode impedances were kept below 5 kΩ.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sluggishness of Early-Stage Face Processing (N170) Is Correlated with Negative and General Psychiatric Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Zheng

Ning

et al. 2016

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Patients with schizophrenia consistently exhibit abnormalities in the N170 event-related potential (ERP) component evoked by images of faces. However, the relationship between these face-specific N170 abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia and the clinical characteristics of this disorder has not been elucidated. Here, ERP recordings were conducted for patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. The amplitude and latency of the N170 component were recorded while participants passively viewed face and non-face (table) images to explore the correlation between face-specific processing and clinical characteristics in schizophrenia. The results provided evidence for a face-specific N170 latency delay in patients with schizophrenia. The N170 latency in patients with schizophrenia was significantly longer than that in healthy controls when images of faces were presented in both upright and inverted orientations. Importantly, the face-related N170 latencies of the left temporo-occipital electrodes (P7 and PO7) were positively correlated with both negative and general psychiatric symptoms in these patients. The N170 amplitudes were weaker in patients than in controls for inverted images of both faces and non-faces (tables), with a left-hemisphere dominance. The face inversion effect (FIE), meaning the difference in N170 amplitude between upright and inverted faces, was absent in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting an abnormality of holistic face processing. Together, these results revealed a marked symptom-relevant neural delay associated with face-specific processing in patients with schizophrenia, providing additional evidence to support the demyelination hypothesis of schizophrenia.

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“…REST transforms the EEG potentials referenced at any scalp points into the potentials referenced to a point located at infinity, far from all the possible neuronal sources and thus acting as an ideal neutral reference location. The merit of REST has been proved in event-related potentials (ERPs) (Tian and Yao, 2013), EEG spectrum (Yao et al, 2005), EEG coherence (Marzetti et al, 2007), and network analysis (Qin et al, 2010; Chella et al, 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Influences of EEG Reference: A Large-Scale Brain Network Perspective

Lei

Liao

2017

Front. Neurosci.

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The influence of reference is a critical issue for the electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) studies. However, previous investigations concentrated less on the location of source at a systematic neuroscience level. Our goal was to examine the EEG signal associated with the locations from a common network parcellation of the human brain function, offering a system perspective of the influence of EEG reference. In our simulation, vertices uniformly distributed in eight large-scale brain networks were adopted to generate the scalp EEG. The brain networks contain the visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, ventral attention, limbic, frontoparietal, default networks, and the deep brain structure. The distributions of the most sensitive and neutral electrodes were calculated for each network based on the lead-field matrix. While the most sensitive electrode had a network-specific symmetric pattern, the electrodes in scalp surface had approximately equal chance to be the most neutral electrode. Simulated data were referenced at the FCz, the Oz, the mean mastoids (MM), the average (AVE), and the infinity reference obtained by the reference electrode standardization technique (REST). Intriguingly, the relative error followed the pattern REST

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Why do we need to use a zero reference? Reference influences on the ERPs of audiovisual effects

Cited by 55 publications

References 44 publications

A Comparative Study of Average, Linked Mastoid, and REST References for ERP Components Acquired during fMRI

A Comparative Study of Average, Linked Mastoid, and REST References for ERP Components Acquired during fMRI

Sluggishness of Early-Stage Face Processing (N170) Is Correlated with Negative and General Psychiatric Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Understanding the Influences of EEG Reference: A Large-Scale Brain Network Perspective

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