hile all residents are expected to meet medical professionalism standards, there is a general lack of consensus regarding how to define, teach, assess, and remediate residents with behaviors demonstrating a lack of professionalism. 1-8 Thus, it is not surprising that addressing unprofessionalism is among the most difficult challenges facing medical educators. While more literature exists on approaches to unprofessionalism among medical students than residents, the underlying issues are likely to be similar, and studies often address the 2 groups together. 1,2,5 In order to understand unprofessionalism, I believe it is instructional to ask what it takes for a resident to be professional. Three prerequisites must be in place. First, the resident needs to understand what is expected of a professional in the given situation. Second, the resident must be willing to accept these professional expectations. Third, the resident must be capable of adhering to the professional expectations. If any of these prerequisites are absent, the resident may be at risk for a lapse in professionalism. An Approach to Unprofessionalism When a resident has a lapse in professionalism, asking 3 key questions, each tied to the prerequisites, will allow an efficient, thorough assessment of root causes (BOX).