Why Is Taurine Cytoprotective?

Schaffer, Stephen W.; Azuma, Junichi; Takahashi, Kyoko; Mozaffari, Mahmood S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0077-3_39

Cited by 137 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…However, it is not certain how taurine exerts its developmental effects. The compound is said to be cytoprotective by acting as an antioxidant, a calcium modulator, a synaptic neuromodulator and a membrane stabilizer (Schaffer et al, 2003). Most of these effects appear to be indirect (e.g.…”

Section: Metabolic Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taurine has already been mentioned; it cannot scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) but rather seems to enhance other cellular antioxidant functions. However, taurine can directly bind HOCl (a reactive molecule produced by mammalian leukocytes) to form Nchlorotaurine (Schaffer et al, 2003). Glycine betaine has also been implicated in reducing lipid peroxidation in plants (reviewed in Cushman, 2001).…”

Section: Antioxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taurine has also been reported to bind to membranes through ionic interactions (Schaffer et al, 2003). The charged osmolytes of hyperthermophiles (mannosylglycerate, diglycerol phosphate; Fig.·2) appear to enhance native protein conformations through electrostatic interactions, in addition to preferential exclusion (Faria et al, 2004).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Stabilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses

Yancey

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

1,574

1,272

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SUMMARY Organic osmolytes are small solutes used by cells of numerous water-stressed organisms and tissues to maintain cell volume. Similar compounds are accumulated by some organisms in anhydrobiotic, thermal and possibly pressure stresses. These solutes are amino acids and derivatives,polyols and sugars, methylamines, methylsulfonium compounds and urea. Except for urea, they are often called `compatible solutes', a term indicating lack of perturbing effects on cellular macromolecules and implying interchangeability. However, these features may not always exist, for three reasons. First, some of these solutes may have unique protective metabolic roles, such as acting as antioxidants (e.g. polyols, taurine, hypotaurine),providing redox balance (e.g. glycerol) and detoxifying sulfide (hypotaurine in animals at hydrothermal vents and seeps). Second, some of these solutes stabilize macromolecules and counteract perturbants in non-interchangeable ways. Methylamines [e.g. trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)] can enhance protein folding and ligand binding and counteract perturbations by urea (e.g. in elasmobranchs and mammalian kidney), inorganic ions, and hydrostatic pressure in deep-sea animals. Trehalose and proline in overwintering insects stabilize membranes at subzero temperatures. Trehalose in insects and yeast,and anionic polyols in microorganisms around hydrothermal vents, can protect proteins from denaturation by high temperatures. Third, stabilizing solutes appear to be used in nature only to counteract perturbants of macromolecules,perhaps because stabilization is detrimental in the absence of perturbation. Some of these solutes have applications in biotechnology, agriculture and medicine, including in vitro rescue of the misfolded protein of cystic fibrosis. However, caution is warranted if high levels cause overstabilization of proteins.

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Section: Metabolic Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antioxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Stabilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses

Yancey

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

1,574

1,272

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“…Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is the major intracellular free ␤ -amino acid, which is normally present in most mammalian tissues ( 12 ). It has various important biological and physiological roles such as antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis ( 12 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Peroxidation Potential and Antioxidants in the Heart Tissue of .BETA.-Alanine- or Taurine-Treated Old Rats

Parildar

Doğru‐Abbasoğlu

Mehmetçik

et al. 2008

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the changes of taurine levels in the hearts of old rats on endogenous malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels and ascorbic acid (AA)-and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation as well as nonenzymatic (glutathione, vitamin E and vitamin C) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase). Two groups of old (22 mo) rats were treated with ␤ -alanine (3%, w/v; in drinking water), a taurine depleting agent, or taurine (2% w/v; in drinking water) for 6 wk. Significant decreases were observed in taurine contents of hearts in old rats as compared to young (5 mo) rats. We found that MDA and DC levels and AA-and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation increased, but non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants did not alter in heart homogenates of aged rats. ␤ -Alanine administration resulted in significant decreases in heart taurine levels of old rats. This treatment did not cause further increases in MDA or DC levels or changes in antioxidants. However, AAand NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation was higher than that of old rats. Taurine treatment caused significant increases in heart taurine levels of old rats. This treatment was found to decrease endogenous MDA and DC levels without affecting the antioxidant system in the heart homogenates of aged rats. AA-and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation was also reduced in old rats when given taurine, although not statistically significantly. Our results indicate that the changes in heart taurine levels may influence the susceptibility of heart tissue to lipid peroxidation in aged rats and that taurine supplementation has protective effects on age-dependent oxidative stress in heart tissue.

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“…By diminishing oxidative stress, it safeguards the tissue damage, as well as the ovarian toxicity. 34,35 Thus, from the above mentioned results we may conclude that cypermethrin suppresses the female prepubertal reproductive function in rat probably by impairing the estrous cycle; inhibiting the secretion of female reproductive hormones and promoting the oxidative stress of the tissues of ovary. From the above findings, it is evident that cypermethrin cause prominent inhibition in ovarian steroidogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in prepubertal female Wistar rats and zinc has more potent ameliorative role on cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of Exposure to Cypermethrin on the Onset of Puberty and Ovarian Biomarkers in Female Prepubertal Rat: Attenuating Role of Zinc

Das¹,

Pradhan²,

Ghosh³

et al. 2016

Toxicol Forensic Med Open J

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Cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethyroid pesticide, is used for more than one decade to control a wide variety of pests in agriculture. The present study designed to evaluate the protective role of zinc in attenuating cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity in female prepubertal rat. Female prepubertal rat received oral cypermethrin alone at two dose levels and zinc alone or combined with cypermethrin for consecutive 14 days. Cypermethrin arrested vaginal opening, reduced the weights of ovaries and uterus. Total cholesterol and ascorbic acid content of the ovaries were elevated whereas the activities of Δ 5 ,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In the adrenal gland of rat these parameters showed opposite findings. The levels of serum LH, FSH and estradiol were also decreased. Cypermethrin treatment also produced oxidative stress in ovary by significant increase in malondialdehyde level, accompanied by a reduction in reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. From the results, we may conclude that cypermethrin suppresses the female reproductive functions in rat by disrupting the estrous cycle and ovarian biomarkers by increasing oxidative stress and zinc attenuates the cypermethrin-induced toxicity.

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Why Is Taurine Cytoprotective?

Cited by 137 publications

References 65 publications

Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses

Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses

Lipid Peroxidation Potential and Antioxidants in the Heart Tissue of .BETA.-Alanine- or Taurine-Treated Old Rats

Effects of Exposure to Cypermethrin on the Onset of Puberty and Ovarian Biomarkers in Female Prepubertal Rat: Attenuating Role of Zinc

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