Why Professional Athletes Need a Prolonged Period of Warm-Up and Other Peculiarities of Human Motor Learning

Ajemian, Robert; D’Ausilio, Alessandro; Moorman, Helene G.; Bizzi, Emilio

doi:10.1080/00222895.2010.528262

Cited by 57 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Asymmetric transfer is one of many heuristics emanating from the sports science/kinesiology communities (e.g., variability of practice effect, rapid deadaptation, warm-up decrement, etc.) that form the basis of our current pedagogy on skill instruction (30) and are codified by the invocation of hyperplastic and noisy networks (31).…”

Section: How Is This Global Balance Achieved and What Form Does It Take?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A theory for how sensorimotor skills are learned and retained in noisy and nonstationary neural circuits

Ajemian

D’Ausilio

Moorman

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the process of skill learning, synaptic connections in our brains are modified to form motor memories of learned sensorimotor acts. The more plastic the adult brain is, the easier it is to learn new skills or adapt to neurological injury. However, if the brain is too plastic and the pattern of synaptic connectivity is constantly changing, new memories will overwrite old memories, and learning becomes unstable. This trade-off is known as the stability-plasticity dilemma. Here a theory of sensorimotor learning and memory is developed whereby synaptic strengths are perpetually fluctuating without causing instability in motor memory recall, as long as the underlying neural networks are sufficiently noisy and massively redundant. The theory implies two distinct stages of learning-preasymptotic and postasymptotic-because once the error drops to a level comparable to that of the noiseinduced error, further error reduction requires altered network dynamics. A key behavioral prediction derived from this analysis is tested in a visuomotor adaptation experiment, and the resultant learning curves are modeled with a nonstationary neural network. Next, the theory is used to model two-photon microscopy data that show, in animals, high rates of dendritic spine turnover, even in the absence of overt behavioral learning. Finally, the theory predicts enhanced task selectivity in the responses of individual motor cortical neurons as the level of task expertise increases. From these considerations, a unique interpretation of sensorimotor memory is proposed-memories are defined not by fixed patterns of synaptic weights but, rather, by nonstationary synaptic patterns that fluctuate coherently.hyperplastic | neural tuning S ensorimotor skill learning, like other types of learning, occurs through the general mechanism of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity (1, 2). As we learn a new skill (such as a tennis stroke) through extensive practice, synapses in our brain are modified to form a lasting motor memory of that skill. However, if synapses are overly pliable and in a state of perpetual flux, memories may not stabilize properly as new learning can overwrite previous learning. Thus, for any distributed learning system, there is inherent tension between the competing requirements of stability and plasticity (3): Synapses must be sufficiently plastic to support the formation of new memories, while changing in a manner that preserves the traces of old memories. The specific learning mechanisms by which these contradictory constraints are simultaneously fulfilled are one of neuroscience's great mysteries.The inescapability of the stability-plasticity dilemma, as faced by any distributed learning system, is shown in the cartoon neural network in Fig. 1A. Suppose that the input pattern of [0.6, 0.4] must be transformed into the activation pattern [0.5, 0.7] at the output layer. Given the initial connectivity of the network, the input transforms to the incorrect output [0.8, 0.2]. Through practice and a learning mechanism, the weig...

show abstract

Section: How Is This Global Balance Achieved and What Form Does It Take?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A theory for how sensorimotor skills are learned and retained in noisy and nonstationary neural circuits

Ajemian

D’Ausilio

Moorman

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These theories also tend to assume that savings increases with initial exposure to a perturbation. A third theory for savings appeals to the notion of redundant representations during adaptation, positing that although subjects may behave similarly at baseline from one day to the next, readaptation is faster during the second exposure because adaptation begins from a different underlying state (Medina et al 2001;Kording et al 2007;Berniker and Kording 2008;Ajemian et al 2010). With these kinds of theories, prolonged practice is generally thought to be required during the initial exposure to engage slower learning processes that are assumed to underlie such changes in state.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of a long-term memory for visuomotor adaptation following only a few trials of practice

Huberdeau

Haith

Krakauer

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Time variable also depends highly on human skills. It is known that without proper human motor skill practiced, it is well known that initial level of skilled performance will drop considerably [16]. Although the PSA was conducted multiple of times in order to increase the rate of accuracy, reliable data and reduce the error rate, the PSA still much depends on the human skills who perform [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing the Security Zone for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Implementation Using Practical Security Assessment (PSA)

Rahman¹,

Mohamad²

2015

JACN

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a wireless network similar to wireless sensor network (WSN). The WBAN uses body sensor to transmit and received wireless communication. The WBAN has recently emerged as one of the premier research topics in enhancing healthcare industry. However, since WBAN requires it to be a low powered sensor node, it will be extremely difficult to put through any advanced security mechanism due to the restriction of power use in WBAN devices. Therefore, this research proposed a different approach in securing WBAN. This research is designed to assess the confidentiality, integrity and availability of WBAN and measure the attack perimeter of the WBAN implementation, using a practical security assessment (PSA). In this paper, the idea of conducting PSA before designing WBAN security solution will be used. The WBAN security solution aimed to enhance the physical security of the WBAN by developing a Secure Zone for WBAN.Index Terms-Practical security assessment (PSA), security zone, wireless body area network (WBAN), wireless sensor network (WSN).

show abstract

Why Professional Athletes Need a Prolonged Period of Warm-Up and Other Peculiarities of Human Motor Learning

Cited by 57 publications

References 9 publications

A theory for how sensorimotor skills are learned and retained in noisy and nonstationary neural circuits

A theory for how sensorimotor skills are learned and retained in noisy and nonstationary neural circuits

Formation of a long-term memory for visuomotor adaptation following only a few trials of practice

Developing the Security Zone for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Implementation Using Practical Security Assessment (PSA)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About