Why sanctions against Iran are counterproductive: Conflict resolution and state–society relations

Fathollah-Nejad, Ali

doi:10.1177/0020702014521561

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Decades of sanctions on Iran have substantial damaged the economy and adversely affected the standard of living for ordinary Iranians (Moret, 2015;Taheri & Guven-Lisaniler, 2018). Women in Iran tend to be disproportionally affected by sanctions given their already vulnerable situation in the country given its largely traditional and patriarchal nature (Fathollah-Nejad, 2014;Tahmasebi, 2018). Widespread unemployment affects entire families, but especially women, and exacerbates male dominated gender relations.…”

Section: Study Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gendered effects of statecraft on women in tourism: Economic sanctions, women’s disempowerment and sustainability?

Seyfi

Hall

Vo‐Thanh

2020

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Despite sanctions being one of the most common and far-reaching forms of economic statecraft, there is a notable absence of research on the gendered effects of economic sanctions on women's empowerment in general, and more particularly in relation to tourism. This is surprising given that the burden of economic sanctions is overwhelmingly felt by women due to their vulnerable socio-economic and political status in targeted countries. Drawing upon a disciplinary base in international relations and political science and using a gendered lens via a series of interviews, this study sought to explore the gendered effects of economic sanctions on Iranian women's empowerment in the country's tourism and hospitality industry. The study's findings indicate that sanctions have negatively affected and deteriorated economic, psychological, social and political aspects of women empowerment. The results highlight the vulnerability of empowerment within the religio-patriarchal society of Iran. As such economic empowerment is recognized as a major contributor to the overall empowerment of women in Iran which is therefore severely affected by sanctions. Overall, this study fills a significant gap in tourism research by highlighting the gendered implications of a ubiquitous state tool of coercive diplomacy and foreign policy and its effects on women's empowerment.

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Section: Study Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gendered effects of statecraft on women in tourism: Economic sanctions, women’s disempowerment and sustainability?

Seyfi

Hall

Vo‐Thanh

2020

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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“…More recent scholarship assesses sanctions from a humanitarian/ethical standpoint (Early and Peksen 2022;Fathollah-Nejad 2014;Gordon 2019;Jazairy 2019;Weisbrot and Sachs 2019), criticising their detrimental effects on the welfare of ordinary people-i.e. education, health, etc.…”

Section: Sanctions Under Us-led Imperialismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theorising Sanctions as Warfare: Insights from the US-Led Aggression on Libya

Capasso

2023

WRPE

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Conventional literature on sanctions tends to overfocus on measuring their political efficacy on targeted countries, accused of carrying out terrorist activities. More critically, other studies have focused on the ethical problems arising from the consequences that sanctions have on entire populations. Departing from these approaches, this article draws on Fidel Castro’s concept of the “Battle of Ideas” and argues that sanctions should be studied as a form of US-led imperialist warfare over the Global South. Taking the case of Libya, the article relies on archival sources (CIA [Central Intelligence Agency], US and Libyan government, and UN documents) as well as secondary literature, and argues that sanctions act as a form of economic warfare that supplants or complements the use of other forms of warfare, including military and non-military. In doing so, the article calls for a deeper and renewed engagement with the Third-Worldist Marxist theoretical lineage, when studying the question of financial subordination, dependency, war, and imperialism in the Arab world, and the Global South at large.

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“…However, while any crisis may exacerbate existing inequalities, the crises precipitated by sanctions often compound and complicate existing issues of economic, social and environmental injustice for individuals, communities and specific populations (Drury & Peksen, 2014;Özdamar & Shahin, 2021). Research also indicates that, because of the social and political instability caused by sanctions, individuals' political and social rights may be violated more frequently (Fathollah-Nejad, 2014), thereby limiting their empowerment and capacity to contribute to inclusive and sustainable development (Tahmasebi, 2018;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do international sanctions help or inhibit justice and sustainability in tourism?

Seyfi

Hall

Saarinen

et al. 2022

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Despite the expanded use of sanctions as a soft foreign policy tool in the post-Cold War era, there is yet little knowledge on the implications of this coercive tool in relation to justice, ethics and sustainability in destinations to which sanctions are applied. Using Iran as a case study and grounded in international relations and political science literature, this study used semi-structured interviews with tourism actors to assess the direct and indirect effects of sanctions on tourism with respect to justice, rights and sustainability. The informants suggested that sanctions have worsened mobility rights, rights to communication, and the economic and financial rights of tourism actors, thereby limited their capacity to contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. Distributive pressures within Iran arising from the sanction-driven economic disruption have clearly undermined the empowerment capacity of tourism to contribute to improve gender justice, thereby standing in opposition to the principles of justice and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, notions of justice and rights are uneven in space and time, with their application inherently dependent on its definition in particular contexts. By portraying new insights from the restrictions emanating from sanctions, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of a very popular instrument of foreign policy and its humanitarian and justice implications in destinations affected by sanctions.

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Why sanctions against Iran are counterproductive: Conflict resolution and state–society relations

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

The gendered effects of statecraft on women in tourism: Economic sanctions, women’s disempowerment and sustainability?

The gendered effects of statecraft on women in tourism: Economic sanctions, women’s disempowerment and sustainability?

Theorising Sanctions as Warfare: Insights from the US-Led Aggression on Libya

Do international sanctions help or inhibit justice and sustainability in tourism?

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