* I am deeply indebted to David Widerker both for encouraging me to write this paper, and for his insightful suggestions and advice. I am also heavily indebted to several anonymous reviewers for questions, criticisms and suggestions that greatly improved the paper. Further thanks go to the participants of the 2019 Free Will and Methodology conference at KU Leuven, and to the participants of the 2020 Conference of the Israeli Philosophy Association. Their comments and questions were invaluable to me. Finally, my writing was aided by the generous support of the Department of Philosophy and Kreitman School of Advanced Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 1 The argument is called the "Direct Argument" because it makes no explicit assumptions about the necessary conditions of moral responsibility. It thereby di ers from more traditional arguments, which often make the widely doubted assumption that the possibility of alternatives is necessary for moral responsibility [for the locus classicus of these doubts, see Frankfurt (1969)]. The Direct Argument's name is due to Fischer and Ravizza (1998, chp. 6). 2 The rule's name follows Fischer and Ravizza (1998, chp. 6) and Widerker (2002).