Widal's reaction with sterilised cultures

Dreyer, Georges

doi:10.1002/path.1700130136

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The necessity for this has long been recognized, by scientific workers on agglutination (Madsen andJorgensen 1902, Dreyer andJex-Blake 1905), but a large number of clinical pathologists have, until very recently, been content to work with uncontrolled and variable cultures. Dreyer (1906) elaborated and perfected a technique for clinical typhoid and paratyphoid agglutination tests, in which all the optimum conditions for the reaction were embodied, and the variable factor of the agglutinability of emulsions was fully controlled bv the comparative standardization of all emulsions against an original arbitrarily chosen standard emulsion. This entailed the introduction of the agglutinin unit, and the reduction to units of readings first expressed as dilutions.…”

Section: Reasons For Standardization Of Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The leaflet is reproduced here. Paragraphs 1 and 2 deal with the preparation of the cultures (see also Dreyer, 1906) and the method of opacityestimation and dilution to a constant opacity (see also Dreyer and Gardner, 1916). In all opacity tests and in a large proportion of the earlier agglutination experiments I made use of graduated pipettes and dwarf test-tubes.…”

Section: Experiments With Formalized Broth Cultures Of Dysenterymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae

Gardner

1918

Epidemiol. Infect.

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(1) Killed agglutinable broth cultures of the various dysentery bacilli may be prepared by the formalin and cold storage process and may be standardized by the method elaborated by Prof. Dreyer for the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli.(2) Since formalin (0·1 %) usually causes a gradual loss of sensitiveness to agglutination during the early life of the emulsion, a certain period (two months) must be allowed to elapse before the emulsion can be used as standard.(3) After such a period the sensitiveness of the emulsions remains unaltered for at least ten months, and probably much longer.(4) By none of the other methods of preparation investigated could satisfactory standard agglutinable cultures be made.

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Section: Reasons For Standardization Of Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments With Formalized Broth Cultures Of Dysenterymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae

Gardner

1918

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Since broth cultures preserved with formaldehyde were recommended by Proescher (1902) and the "diagnosticum" preserved with phenol was advised by Ficker (1903) these methods have been universally adopted. The most refined expression of this technique is the method developed by Dreyer (1906 and1909) and his co-workers.…”

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confidence: 99%

The use of Preserved Bacterial Suspensions for the Agglutination Test: With especial reference to the Enteric Fevers and Typhus Fevers

Félix¹,

Olitzki²

1928

J. Hyg.

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1. In B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A and B, and B. enteritidis Gärtner, low concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde produce a definite inhibition of the 0 agglutination, while the H agglutination is unaltered—a fact already established many years ago in the case of B. proteus X 19.2. Alcohol, even in high concentrations, has no such inhibitory effect.3. Therefore, suspensions preserved in the usual way with phenol or formalin are not adequate reagents for the qualitative serum analysis in enteric fevers or for the usual diagnosis test in typhus fever.4. Phenol and formalin suspensions are responsible for negative results of the Widal test in cases of enteric fevers which show only the 0 immune body in the serum; such cases form a considerable percentage of the total especially in typhoid fever.5. As a routine measure in the diagnosis of enteric fevers, it is suggested that two preserved suspensions of each organism be used:(1) an alcoholic suspension (like that of Bien and Sonntag in typhus fever) as a reagent for the 0 agglutinin, and(2) the usual phenol or formalin suspension as a reagent for the H agglutinin.6. The nature of the described phenomenon of inhibition is not, as yet, entirely clear.

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“…This applies in varying degrees to all diseases in which the agglutination-test is employed (Courmont, 1897(Courmont, , 1900Jorgensen, 1904;Schroeder, 1909;Dreyer, 1906).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factor = 2-5. respectively, employed at different times. All these strains were used in the form of fully matured formalized sterile "standard agglutinable cultures" (Dreyer, 1906(Dreyer, , 1909Gardner, 1918).…”

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The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera

Gardner

1923

Epidemiol. Infect.

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IN considering the agglutination-test for bacillary dysentery, the War Office Committee on Dysentery in 1918 decided, on the available evidence (Kruse, C. J. Martin, Andrewes and Inman, Gettings, Murray), that five strains of Flexner-Y bacilli, representing five separable, though closely related, serological types, might be taken as adequately covering the whole serological range of the species. The Vaccine Department of the R.A.M. College, Millbank, and the Standards Laboratory at Oxford accepted these findings as basis for practical work, and the latter institution proceeded to issue the five varieties of "Standard agglutinable cultures" and "Standard agglutinating sera."At that time two types only were being produced, viz. "Flexner" and Y. These strains later on were relabelled V and W respectively in the new classification. Before any standard cultures of dysentery bacilli at all were issued, an adequate number (120) of sera of healthy human adults had been tested upon standard cultures of B. Shiga and B. Flexner (later V), and a calculation of the results made it possible to fix a limit above which the agglutination by a patient's serum of any standardized suspension of these bacilli could be taken as indicating a dysentery infection. The figures thus obtained cannot be applied to work with unstandardized suspensions, for not only do different strains of one serological type differ profoundly in agglutinability, but different suspensions of the same strain show considerable variations in this respect. The "normal limit," if it is to apply to all standardized suspensions of a type, must be expressed in standard units. Each serological type must be treated as an entirely separate entity.The absolute magnitude of the reduction-factor for agglutinability of the original arbitrarily chosen standard suspension of any bacillary type may be fixed at anything one pleases. In practice it is decided by convenience. For B. Shiga and B. Flexner the size of the reduction factor of the original standard suspension was arranged so that the normal human sera should not be found

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Widal's reaction with sterilised cultures

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae

The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae

The use of Preserved Bacterial Suspensions for the Agglutination Test: With especial reference to the Enteric Fevers and Typhus Fevers

The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera

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